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Psychology > Group Processes And Performance > Flashcards

Group Processes And Performance Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of group

A

A group is 2 or more individuals in face to face interaction each aware of his or her membership in the group each aware of the others who belong to the group and each aware of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals

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2
Q

Types of group

A

Intimacy groups
Task groups
social categories
Loos associations

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3
Q

Zajoncs Drive Theory

A

Presence of others, arousal, increase in performing dominant responses, social facilitation, social inhibition

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4
Q

If correct

A

Social facilitation

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5
Q

If Incorrect

A

Social inhibition

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6
Q

Social facilitation Early Work

A

Triplett cyclists
Performances faster when paced compared with being alone
In competition compared with being paced

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7
Q

Allport’s more generalised affect:

A

Mere presence

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8
Q

Mere presence:

A

Entirely passive and unresponsive audience that is only physically present

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9
Q

Mere presence:

A

Improvement in performance due to mere presence of conspecifics as coactors or passive audience

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10
Q

Social facilitation focuses on research on

A

Animals

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11
Q

However Research also showed that

A

Social presence = social inhibition

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12
Q

Social presence = social inhibition

A

An improvement in performance of well learnt / east tasks and deterioration in performance of poorly learnt / difficult tasks in mere presence of members of same species

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13
Q

Dominant response:

A

What is typically done in that situation e.g. A well learnt / habitual response

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14
Q

If the dominant response is correct then performance will be

A

Facilitated

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15
Q

If the dominant response is incorrect then performance will be

A

Inhibited

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16
Q

Cottrell evaluation apprehension theory

A

We learn about social reward / punishment contingencies (approval / disapproval) based on others evaluation
Perception of an evaluating audience creates arousal not mere presence

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17
Q

Social facilitation is an acquired effect based on

A

Perceived evaluation of others

18
Q

Cottrell supported evaluation apprehension with 3 conditions

A

Blindfolded
Merely present ( passive and uninterested )
Attentive audience

19
Q

Research against evaluation apprehension

A

Markus

20
Q

Distraction- conflict theory

A

Presence of audience / co-actors, attentional conflict, increase arousal/ drive, social facilitation effects

21
Q

DCT strengths

A 
General distraction ( noise movement) 
Can explain performance facilitation / inhibition in animal research
22
Q

The Ringelmann effect

A

Men pulling on a rope attached to a dynamometer exerted less force in proportion to the number of people in group

23
Q

Reasons for ringelmann effect

A

Coordination loss

Motivation loss

24
Q

Coordination Loss:

A

As group size inhibits movement, distraction jostling

25
Q

Motivation loss:

A

Participants did not try as hard, less motivated

26
Q

Social loafing:

A

Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared with working either alone or coactively

27
Q

Ingham et al

A

Investigated social loafing with real groups and pseudo groups pulling on a rope

28
Q

Real group:

A

Groups of varying size

29
Q

Pseudo group:

A

Only one true participant, rest were confederates who did not pull at all

30
Q

Latane supported social loafing through:

A

Clapping, shouting and cheering tasks

31
Q

Reduced amount of cheering / clapping notice made per person reduced by:

A

29% in 2 person groups
49% in 4 person groups
60% in 6 person groups

32
Q

Why do people loaf? Green:

A

Output equity
evaluation apprehension
Matching to standard

33
Q

Social compensation:

A

Increased effort on collective task when task is important to compensate for anticipated loafing by others

34
Q

Types of group decision making:

A

Brainstorming
Group polarisation
Groupthink

35
Q

Brainstorming:

A

Uninhibited generation of as many ideas as possible in a group in order to enhance group creativity

36
Q

Features within brainstorming

A

Social loafing
Evaluation apprehension
Production blocking

37
Q

Group polarisation:

A

Tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme group decisions that the mean of members’ pre discussion opinions in the direction favourited by the mean

38
Q

Group polarisation features:

A

Persuasive arguments

Social comparison / cultural values

39
Q

Groupthink

A

Janis: a mode of thinking in highly cohesive groups in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overrides the motivation to adopt rational decision making procedures

40
Q

Groupthink is also the

A

Group cohesiveness principle cause

Psychology (16 decks)

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