Group Processes And Performance

Question 1

Definition of group

Answer 1

A group is 2 or more individuals in face to face interaction each aware of his or her membership in the group each aware of the others who belong to the group and each aware of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals

Question 2

Types of group

Answer 2

Intimacy groups
Task groups
social categories
Loos associations

Question 3

Zajoncs Drive Theory

Answer 3

Presence of others, arousal, increase in performing dominant responses, social facilitation, social inhibition

Question 4

If correct

Answer 4

Social facilitation

Question 5

If Incorrect

Answer 5

Social inhibition

Question 6

Social facilitation Early Work

Answer 6

Triplett cyclists
Performances faster when paced compared with being alone
In competition compared with being paced

Question 7

Allport’s more generalised affect:

Answer 7

Mere presence

Question 8

Mere presence:

Answer 8

Entirely passive and unresponsive audience that is only physically present

Question 9

Mere presence:

Answer 9

Improvement in performance due to mere presence of conspecifics as coactors or passive audience

Question 10

Social facilitation focuses on research on

Answer 10

Animals

Question 11

However Research also showed that

Answer 11

Social presence = social inhibition

Question 12

Social presence = social inhibition

Answer 12

An improvement in performance of well learnt / east tasks and deterioration in performance of poorly learnt / difficult tasks in mere presence of members of same species

Question 13

Dominant response:

Answer 13

What is typically done in that situation e.g. A well learnt / habitual response

Question 14

If the dominant response is correct then performance will be

Answer 14

Facilitated

Question 15

If the dominant response is incorrect then performance will be

Answer 15

Inhibited

Question 16

Cottrell evaluation apprehension theory

Answer 16

We learn about social reward / punishment contingencies (approval / disapproval) based on others evaluation
Perception of an evaluating audience creates arousal not mere presence

Question 17

Social facilitation is an acquired effect based on

Answer 17

Perceived evaluation of others

Question 18

Cottrell supported evaluation apprehension with 3 conditions

Answer 18

Blindfolded
Merely present ( passive and uninterested )
Attentive audience

Question 19

Research against evaluation apprehension

Answer 19

Markus

Question 20

Distraction- conflict theory

Answer 20

Presence of audience / co-actors, attentional conflict, increase arousal/ drive, social facilitation effects

Question 21

DCT strengths

Answer 21

General distraction ( noise movement) 
Can explain performance facilitation / inhibition in animal research

Question 22

The Ringelmann effect

Answer 22

Men pulling on a rope attached to a dynamometer exerted less force in proportion to the number of people in group

Question 23

Reasons for ringelmann effect

Answer 23

Coordination loss

Motivation loss

Question 24

Coordination Loss:

Answer 24

As group size inhibits movement, distraction jostling

Question 25

Motivation loss:

Answer 25

Participants did not try as hard, less motivated

Question 26

Social loafing:

Answer 26

Reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared with working either alone or coactively

Question 27

Ingham et al

Answer 27

Investigated social loafing with real groups and pseudo groups pulling on a rope

Question 28

Real group:

Answer 28

Groups of varying size

Question 29

Pseudo group:

Answer 29

Only one true participant, rest were confederates who did not pull at all

Question 30

Latane supported social loafing through:

Answer 30

Clapping, shouting and cheering tasks

Question 31

Reduced amount of cheering / clapping notice made per person reduced by:

Answer 31

29% in 2 person groups 49% in 4 person groups 60% in 6 person groups

Question 32

Why do people loaf? Green:

Answer 32

Output equity evaluation apprehension Matching to standard

Question 33

Social compensation:

Answer 33

Increased effort on collective task when task is important to compensate for anticipated loafing by others

Question 34

Types of group decision making:

Answer 34

Brainstorming Group polarisation Groupthink

Question 35

Brainstorming:

Answer 35

Uninhibited generation of as many ideas as possible in a group in order to enhance group creativity

Question 36

Features within brainstorming

Answer 36

Social loafing Evaluation apprehension Production blocking

Question 37

Group polarisation:

Answer 37

Tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme group decisions that the mean of members' pre discussion opinions in the direction favourited by the mean

Question 38

Group polarisation features:

Answer 38

Persuasive arguments | Social comparison / cultural values

Question 39

Groupthink

Answer 39

Janis: a mode of thinking in highly cohesive groups in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overrides the motivation to adopt rational decision making procedures

Question 40

Groupthink is also the

Answer 40

Group cohesiveness principle cause