Language And Reading Flashcards
1
Q
Why does a pattern convey meaning
A
In learning a language a person learns to associate visual patterns with meanings
2
Q
Mental Lexicon:
A
Creating a store of knowledge
3
Q
How can word recognition be investigated?
A
Eye tracking
Lexical decision task
Naming task
4
Q
Eye tracking:
A
Measure how long people actually spend looking at a word when reading
5
Q
Lexical decision task:
A
Measure how long people take to indicate that a string of letters is not a word
6
Q
Naming task:
A
Measure how long people take to start saying a word
7
Q
What is lexical decision often in conjunction with?
A
Priming
8
Q
Factors affecting word recognition:
A
Word frequency
Predictability
Neighbourhood effect
9
Q
Word frequency:
A
Commonly used words are recognised more easily than infrequent words
10
Q
Predictability:
A
Predictable words are recognised more easily than those in neutral or misleading contexts
11
Q
Neighbourhood Effects:
A
Word identification can be speeded when similar words exist in the language
12
Q
Naming and lexical decision task to test:
A
Words in isolation
13
Q
High frequency word
A
Teacher
14
Q
Low frequency word
A
Armadillo
Take longer to recognise
15
Q
Eye tracking for words:
A
Presented in context
16
Q
Predictability
A
Predictable context
Misleading context
17
Q
Will using the context to make a word more or less predictable affect word recognition time?
A
The amount of context was varied
Target word presented at varying exposure durations
Measured: the exposure time necessary for word recognition
18
Q
Relevant context…
A
Helps recognition
19
Q
Misleading context…
A
Makes recognition difficult
20
Q
Orthographic neighbourhood:
A
The number of words that can be formed by changing one letter of a word while maintaining letter position
E.g. Tank, task, rank
21
Q
Neighbourhood effects and low frequency words:
A
For low frequency words, recognition is faster for words from large neighbourhoods
22
Q
Phonological neighbourhood
A
The number of words that can be formed by changing one phoneme of a word
Eg gait bait get
23
Q
Phonology:
A
Information about sounds of words
24
Q
Neighbourhood effects and phonological words:
A
Words with many phonological neighbours are more easily recognised
25
Orthography
Information about spellings of words
26
Logogen Model Researcher:
Morton
27
Morton's Logogen Model
Auditory analysis and visual analysis, cognitive system, logogen system, response buffer, response
28
Logogens:
Word detectors
| Each logogen has an activation threshold which needs to be met before it fires
29
Analogy for the Logogen Model
Logogen as a collector of evidence
| Activation Threshold when enough evidence, logogen fires and the word is recognised
30
Logogen Frequency
High freq: words have low threshold for firing
| Low frequency: words take longer
31
Explaining context effects
Cognitive component of Logogen Model explains how sentence context can affect recognition
Semantic info from sentence partially activated logogens lowering threshold
Decreases amount of info needed from word itself to fire logogen
32
Because of the bidirectional flow of info between the cognitive system and logogen system:
Activation from one logogen spreads (indirectly) to those related words
33
Because activated logogens do not return to their resting level immediately:
The primed target will require less perceptual input to be activated to its individual threshold, and hence less time than an unrelated target
34
Word superiority effect:
Stimulus, mask, forced choice
Result: 10% improvement in performance with whole word compared to single letter
Conclusion: easier to identify letter in context of a word than isolation
35
Interactive activation Model connections:
Excitatory
| Inhibitory
36
Connections run in both directions:
So that the network tends to evolve towards a star of activation in which everything is consistent
37
Transposed letter priming types:
Identity prime, judge-JUDGE
Transposed letter prime jugde
Substitution prime jupte
38
Spatial coding model researcher:
Davis
| Findings can be accounted for in recent models in which position is not fixed
39
Dual route model, direct route:
Connects the visually presented word to the whole words mental representation (mental lexicon)
Used for high frequency or familiar words
40
Dual route model, phonological route:
Accesses the mental representations of words using grapheme to phoneme conversion rules
Used for reading low frequency words and non freq words
41
Problems with routes lead to disorders:
Developmental surface dyslexia
| Developmental phonological dyslexia
42
Phonological dyslexia symptoms:
Difficulty with reading non-words
43
The only way to read a novel letter string is implement some process of:
Decoding
44
Phonological dyslexia assumes a:
Selective deficit in developing the phonological route
| Applying grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules has not been mastered or is impaired
45
Surface dyslexics symptoms
Problems reading irregular words (colonel)
46
Surface dyslexics explanation:
When presented with an irregular word, readers use the lexical route
Surface dyslexia assumes a selective deficit in the lexical route
Results in difficulty in pronouncing irregular words
47
What route is affected by surface dyslexia?
Direct route
48
What route is affected by phonological dyslexics?
Phonological route
49
Methods used to investigate word recognition
Eye tracking
Naming
lexical decision
Priming
50
Factors that influence word recognition
Word frequency
Predicatability
Neighbourhood
51
Models of word recognition
Logogen Model
Interactive activation model
Dual route cascaded model
52
What do we do when we process a sentence
1) recognise individual words
2) assign syntactic structure
3) interpretation
53
Assign syntactic structure:
Syntactic combination rules used to put words together into meaningful groups and to determine literal meaning
54
Interpretation:
Determine the intended meaning of the sentence in the context
55
Tree diagrams:
Each sentence can be broken down to smaller constituents (nodes)
Nodes are connected via branches
56
Syntactic ambiguity:
Where a clause or sentence may have more than one interpretation, given the potential grammatical functions of the individual words
57
Theories of syntactic parsing:
Researchers investigate how people process ambiguous sentences
58
Types of syntactic ambiguity:
Global ambiguity
| Temporary ambiguity
59
Global syntactic ambiguity example:
The spy observed the politician with binoculars
60
Temporary syntactic ambiguity example:
While Anna dressed the baby threw up
61
"Garden path sentences" = temporary syntactic ambiguity
The early part of sentence leads reader towards the wrong interpretation
62
Theories of syntactic parsing
Garden path theory
| Constraint satisfaction
63
Garden path theory
Only 1 syntactic structure initially considered
| Sentence meaning is not involved in the selection of this structure
64
Garden path simples structure:
Minimal attachment
| Late closure
65
Constraint satisfaction theories
All relevant sources of info are immediately available to the parser
66
The initial interpretation of a sentence depends on the multiple sources of info:
Context
Plausibility
General world knowledge
Verb bias
67
What are constraints?
The different sources of information
68
Competing sentence structures are...
Activated simultaneously
69
Unrestricted race model:
Syntactic processing
| Combines features of garden path theory and constraint satisfaction accounts
70
Theories proposed to explain how we assign syntactic structure to a sentence:
Garden path theory
Constraint satisfaction
Unrestricted race theory
71
How do we compute what a sentence means?
Non literal language
Context and world knowledge
Shallow processing
72
What is non-literal language?
When intended meaning cannot be derived by direct composition of the literal meanings of the words as guided by the grammar
73
Figurative language:
One thing is said in order to express another
74
Metaphor
An expression which describes a person or object in a literary way
75
Idiom:
A group of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning which is different from the meanings of each word
76
Theories of figurative language processing
Standard pragmatic view
Direct access view
Graded salience hypothesis
77
Standard pragmatic view: Irony function:
To communicate the opposite of what is said
78
Standard pragmatic view: Irony processing:
Literal meaning is accessed first mismatch with context is detected, the utterance is then reanalysed as being ironic
79
Direct access view: irony processing
Ironic meaning can be accessed without accessing the literal meaning first
80
Standard pragmatic irony cost:
Processing cost for ironic Lang compared to the same utterance intended literally
81
Direct access view cost:
No additional processing cost for ironic language compared to literal lang
82
Grades salience hypotheses, irony:
For highly familiar ironies, the ironic meaning is accessed straightaway
For unfamiliar ironies, literal meaning is accessed first then renalysis can occur
83
Graded salience hypothesis cost:
Processing cost for unfamiliar ironies only
84
ERP's stand for?
Event related brain potentials
85
Shallow processing
The Moses illusion
| Erickson and matteson
86
Assigning syntactic structure to a sentence:
Garden path theory
Constraint satisfaction
Unrestricted race theory
87
Computing meaning:
Non-literal language
Context and world knowledge
Shallow processing
88
Theories of discourse processing
Constructionist approach
Minimalist hypothesis
Event indexing model
89
Types of inference:
Logical inferences
Bridging inferences
Elaborating inferences
90
Logical inferences:
Depends on meaning of words
91
Bridging inferences:
Establish coherence between current part of text and preceding text
92
Elaborative inferences:
Add details to test by making use of our world knowledge
93
Constructionist approach:
Readers typically construct a relatively complete 'mental model' of the situation and events refereed to in the text
94
Implication of constructionist approach:
Numerous elaborative inferences are drawn while reading
95
Minimalist hypothesis:
Inferences are either automatic or strategic (goal directed)
96
Automatic inferences:
Establish local coherence
| Others rely on info explicitly stated in the text
97
Strategic Inferences:
Formed in pursuit of reader's goals
98
Event indexing Model
```
Readers keep track of a number of dimensions:
The protagonist
Temporality (times)
Causality
Spatiality (settings)
Intentionality (characters goals)
```
99
Event indexing model evidence
Claus and Keller
| Readers put 4 events in chronological order
100
Event indexing model strength
Identifies key processes involved in creating and updating situation models
101
Event indexing model weakness
Has little to say about the nature of the internal representation that is built by readers and listeners in order to understand language
102
Schemas stored in long term memory:
Scripts
| Frames
103
Scripts:
Deal with knowledge about particular events and consequences of events
104
Frames:
Knowledge of structures relating to some aspect of the world (buildings)
105
Positive emotional stimuli prime approach behaviours:
Affect movement compatibility effect
106
Negative emotional stimuli prepare the body to avoid:
Affect movement compatibility effect
107
Theories of discourse processing:
Constructionist approach
Minimalist hypothesis
Event indexing model
108
Experimental simulations approach:
Action
Perception
Emotion
109
The stroop task illustrates that:
Printed words can unavoidably interfere with attended processes
110
Models of word recognition:
Logogen model
Interactive activation model
Dual route model
111
A model that is not a model of word recognition:
Garden path model
112
Name given to the process of assigning syntactic structure to a sentence:
Parsing
