Intergroup Relations And Conflict

Question 1

Intergroup behaviour

Answer 1

Any perception, cognition or behaviour that is influenced by people’s recognition that they and others are members of distinct social groups is intergroup behaviour

Question 2

Relative deprivation:

Answer 2

Crucial precondition for intergroup aggression

Question 3

Relative deprivation factors:

Answer 3

A sense of having less than we feel entitled to
Perceived gap between expectations or entitlements and attainments
Deprivation not absolute but relative to other conditions

Question 4

Runciman made distinction between:

Answer 4

Egoistic relative deprivation

Fraternalistic relative deprivation

Question 5

Egoistic relative deprivation

Answer 5

Feeling of having less than we feel entitled to

Relative to it personal aspirations or to other individuals

Question 6

Fraternalistic relative deprivation

Answer 6

Sense that our group has less than it is entitled to
Relative to the collective aspirations or other groups
Associated with social unrest

Question 7

Berkowitz stated intergroup prejudice and discriminatory behaviour function of:

Answer 7

Aversive events 
Aggressive associations (situational cues and past associations)

Question 8

Collective violence cycle:

Answer 8

Relative deprivation
Frustration
Aggression
Collective violence

Question 9

Factors affecting role of relative deprivation:

Answer 9

Perceptions of injustice: distributive injustice, procedural injustice
Groups that feel relatively deprived unlikely to engage in collective action unless such action considered practical and feasible way of bringing about social change
Strong group identification

Question 10

Realistic conflict theory, Sherif:

Answer 10

Where groups compete over scarce resources intergroup relations become marked by conflict and ethnocentrism arises

Question 11

Ethnocentrism:

Answer 11

View of things in which ones own group is at the centre of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it

Question 12

Sherif’s summer camp studies phases:

Answer 12

1) Spontaneous friendship formation
2) In group and norm formation
3) Intergroup competition
4) Intergroup cooperation

Question 13

Phase 1:

Answer 13

Arrived at camp

Engaged in various activities, friendships formed

Question 14

Phase 2:

Answer 14

Camp divided into 2 groups, friendships split

Groups isolated, separate living quarters and daily activities, developed norms and status differences

Question 15

Phase 3:

Answer 15

Introduction of competitive games between the groups
Produced competition and intergroup hostility
Ethnocentric attitudes and behaviour amplified

Question 16

Majority of intergroup encounters…

Answer 16

Degenerated into intergroup hostility

Question 17

Intergroup relations deteriorated…

Answer 17

Two of the studies concluded at this stage

Question 18

Phase 4

Answer 18

Groups provided with superordinate goals, goals they both desired but were unable to achieve on their own
The groups had to work together in co operation

Question 19

Superordinate goal:

Answer 19

Everyone needed to help with broken down truck

Question 20

Cooperation between the groups to

Answer 20

Achieve superordinate goal lead to a reduction in intergroup conflict

Question 21

Realistic conflict theory

Nature of goals determines relations:

Answer 21

Mutually exclusive goals between groups- realistic intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
Shared (superordinate) goals
Reduction in conflict

Question 22

Brewer and Campbell

Answer 22

Greater derogation of more proximal tribal groups

Direct completion for scarce resources

Question 23

Fisher:

Answer 23

Establishing superordinate goals can reduce IG conflict between communities and nations

Question 24

Competitive IG behaviour also when:

Answer 24

Goal relations not interdependent

Under conditions of explicitly non competitive or cooperative intergroup relations

Question 25

Minimal group paradigm, by Tajifel

Answer 25

Experimental methodology to investigate effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour

Question 26

Tajifel MGP process:

Answer 26

Assigned participants to 2 groups (arbitrary selection) Participants only knew their own group membership Identity of recipients was unknown Asked to allocate money to others

Question 27

In group favouritism:

Answer 27

Despite no history, no self interest, identity of other members of each group unknown

Question 28

Billig and Tajifel random allocation to X/Y toss of coin (more arbitrary)

Answer 28

To eliminate possibility that participants may infer that people is same group interpersonally similar to one another because of artistic preference

Question 29

Mere allocation to a group produces in group favouritism

Answer 29

And competitive inter group behaviour

Question 30

Social identity theory

Answer 30

Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorisation l, social comparison and the construction of a shared self definition in terms of in group defining properties

Question 31

Social identity m:

Answer 31

Part of self concept derived from membership of social groups

Question 32

Social identity theory features:

Answer 32

Positive distinctiveness | Self enhancement

Question 33

Improving intergroup relations

Answer 33

Realistic conflict theory | Existence of super ordinate goals reduces intergroup hostility and conflict

Question 34

Improving intergroup relations Issues

Answer 34

Superordinate goals: problem of fail to achieve | Unsuccessful intergroup cooperation may worsen IG relations of failure attributed to out group

Question 35

Contact hypothesis:

Answer 35

Allport: bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice and discrimination

Question 36

Conditions for contact with contact hypothesis:

Answer 36

Should be prolonged and involve cooperative activity Unequal status likely to confirm stereotypes and increase prejudice Should occur within framework of official and institutional support for integration