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Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Attention is:

A

Goal Directed

Deployed to achieve something

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2
Q

Type of search

A

Visual search

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3
Q

Type of visual search:

A

Pop out search: fast, effortless

Serial search: slow, effortful

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4
Q

Shifted attention?

A

Spotlight metaphor
Start left move right
Attention and eye movement coupled
But not Posner Task

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5
Q

Attention zoomed

A

The zoom lens metaphor

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6
Q

Attention selective

A

Attention as a filter
Miss friend with blonde hair when looking for friend with red hair
Attending to one thing means not attending to other thing

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7
Q

Characteristics of attention

A 
Shifted 
Zoomed 
Selective 
Limited 
Captured 
Divided
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8
Q

Attention limited

A

Attention as a resource
Listening to 2 people at same time
“Run out of attention”

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9
Q

Attention captured

A

Control attention to a degree
Search friend red hair, never sits in first row
Attention still altered by other red haired students in first row

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10
Q

Attention divided

A

Between modalities

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11
Q

Modern attention research:

A

Donald broadbent

Cherry

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12
Q

Air traffic control

A

Attention demanding
Multiple pilots talking at same time
Broad bent: understand 2 simultaneous messages

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13
Q

Broadbent task and Result

A

Relevant call sign baron
No spatial separation of speakers
50% q’s answered correctly
V, difficult even with limited number of alternatives

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14
Q

Cherry Cocktail Party Problem

A

How do we recognise what one person is saying when others are speaking at the same time
Spatial separation of speakers

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15
Q

Conditions of cocktail party problem and result

A

Condition 1: two messages by same speaker played to both ears
Hear both messages in both ears
Result: v difficult but possible after many repetitions
N=1

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16
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeat one, ignore the other

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17
Q

Cocktail party problem, condition 2 and result:

A

Two messages by the same speaker simultaneously played to different ears
Result: much easier, able to attend to 1 ear

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18
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Hear one message in left ear and other in right ear

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19
Q

What happens to irrelevant message?

A

No words or semantic content reported
Change in language not noticed
Reversed speech sometimes recognised
Change from male - female or to pure tone recognised
Basic physical stimulus characteristics processed

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20
Q

Conclusion from attention experiments:

A

Attend to 2 messages not separable by physical cues
Same speaker and ear
V hard
Attend to 1 message and know little about other

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21
Q

Broadbents Filter Theory

A

Meaning of irrelevant information is not analysed
Senses, short term store, selective filter, limited capacity channel (p system), store of conditional possibilities of past events, system for varying output until some input is secured
Effectors

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22
Q

Broadbents filter theory:

Short term store

A

Sensory register/ buffer
Immediate memory
Iconic/echoic memory
Parallel processing of simple physical stimulus properties (location, pitch, intensity)

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23
Q

Filter

A

Selects info for further processing

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24
Q

Basis for selection

A

Physical stimulus properties in short term store

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25
The limited capacity channel
Serial processor (one thing at a time) E.g. Analysis of word meaning Focus of attention on working memory
26
What kind of selection theory is broadbents theory?
Early selection
27
Why is broadbents theory an early selection theory?
Selection/filtering occurs before stimuli are identified and analysed
28
Own name effect
Moray shadowing task | 1/3 of ppts notice own name in irrelevant channel
29
What does own name effect require?
Processing beyond basic physical stimulus characteristics, meaning of irrelevant info WAS analysed
30
Own name effect also called
Cocktail party effect
31
Evidence against early selection theories
``` Own name effect Channel switching Electric shocks Attenuation theory Late selection theory ```
32
Channel switching and results
``` Treisman Participants may briefly Switch ears when messages switched (upper case= shadowed) 18 subjects Results: 3 never switched, 15 did Meaning of irrelevant info WAS analysed ```
33
Electric shocks and result
Phase 1: words paired with electric shocks Phase 2: words presented with irrelevant channel Result: words affect skin conductance responses
34
Attenuation Theory
Treisman Filter not completely selective Some concepts in mental dictionary more readily available (e.g. Own names) Relatively weak signal sufficient to activate these concepts
35
Late selection
Deutsch and deutsch Meaning analysed before filter Processing of perceptual only is automatic (not under voluntary control) and not capacity limited (everything analysed)
36
Why is irrelevant information sometimes processed?
Leakage Slippage Spillover
37
Input modality
Visual attention Auditory attention Cross modal attention (more than one modality)
38
Number of relevant Input streams
One: focused attention More: divided attention
39
What is attended?
Spatial attention Feature based attention Object based attention
40
Locus of control
Exogenous attention | Endogenous attention
41
Exogenous attention
An external stimulus capturing attention
42
Endogenous attention
The participant needs to figure out where to attend (this might still be based on an external cue)
43
Time dimension
Phasic attention | Sustained attention
44
What is sustained attention
Tonic alertness or vigilance | Attend over many minutes - hours
45
Selectivity
Selective attention | Non- selective attention
46
Selective attention
Almost synonymous with attention | We usually attend to something
47
Non- selective attention
General arousal Level | Unspecific effects of selective attention (participant should attend region A, but also attends adjacent areas)
48
Spatial attention metaphors
Spotlight Zoom lens (focused or diffuse) Multiple spotlights
49
Brain systems: Corbetta and Shulman
Ventral attention network (Van) | Dorsal attention network (Dan)
50
Brain systems: Peterson and posner
Alerting network Orienting network (VAN and DAN) Executive network
51
Tasks
``` Visual search Flanker task Attentional capture Attentional blink Posner cueing paradigm ```
52
Early selection:
Unattended stimuli are not identified
53
Late selection:
Unattended stimuli are identified and meaning is analysed
54
Leakage
Treisman Filter does not block, but attenuate information from irrelevant channel leaks through filter Attenuated Info can activate concepts in long term memory- identification of stimuli
55
Slippage
Cannot focus on relevant channel all the time | If attentional resources to irrelevant channel avoidable
56
Spillover
Cannot stop deploying attention until resource depleted | If relevant channel needs less attention than available, attention will 'spill over' to irrelevant channel
57
Lachter et al 's study
``` Identification without attention 40 years Reinterpret old experiments Conduct new experiments Broadbent was correct - no identification without attention ```
58
Lavie's research on:
Spillover
59
Lavie's research on spillover:
Perceptual capacity limited (from early selection theory) | Perceptual processing automatic (from late selection theory)
60
Late selection central assumptions
Processing of perceptual input is Automatic (not u dear voluntary control) Not capacity limited (everything fully analysed)
61
Lavie's hybrid theory
Combined assumptions from early and mate selection theories
62
Lachter vs Lavie
No identification without attention Lachter: of attention focused no slippage processing of irrelevant channel avoidable Lavie: capacity of perceptual attention limited, but not under voluntary control , low perceptual load: processing of irrelevant channel unavoidable
63
Lavie & Cox Conclusion
Perceptual load for relevant channel influences extent to which information in irrelevant channel is processed
64
High perceptual load means
Information in irrelevant channel not identified
65
Low perceptual load means
Information in irrelevant channel identified
66
Why does Cognitive not allow full understanding of attention
Leaves open how the brain does it | Full understanding includes neural Mechanisms that underlie attentional processes
67
Brain activity underlies:
Our thoughts, emotions and memories | Consciousness
68
There can be no change in mind state without a change in ...
Brain state
69
Advantages of neuroscience approach
Learn about neural mechanisms of attention | Can be additional dependent variable (when no observable behaviour)
70
Kouider et al
EEG recorded during sleep
71
MRI stands for:
Magnetic resonance imaging
72
The lobes of the brain
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
73
Large-scale attentional networks
Large scale: areas in different lobes of the brain Attentional: activity modulated by attention Networks: areas tightly interconnected by neuronal pathway often activated together
74
Two major attention networks:
Dorsal attention network | Ventral attention network
75
Dorsal attention network main components:
Frontal eye field | Intraparietal sulcus
76
Ventral attention network main components:
Ventral frontal cortex | Temporoparietal junction
77
Dorsal attention network features
Top down control Goal driven orienting Left and right hemisphere
78
Ventral attention network features
Bottom up control Stimulus driven reorientating Right hemisphere
79
Damage to the VENTRAL attention network can lead to...
Spatial neglect
80
Features of Spatial neglect:
One side of space ignored (almost always left) sometimes called hemineglect Extinction Spatial neglect patients unaware of deficit Patients performance typically improves over time
81
Extinction:
When both fingers moved at the same time only on non neglected side was perceived
82
Processing hierarchy
Primary areas: close to sensory input Higher level areas: further removed from sensory input Primary visual cortex Higher level visual cortex
83
Top down attention effects
Higher level areas (dorsal attention network) "tell" lower-level areas (Visual brain areas) where and what to attend
84
Different types of blindness
Inattentional blindness | Change blindness
85
Change blindness features:
Can be difficult to detect changes Temporary occlusion Change occur v slowly
86
What do change blindness and Inattentional blindness have in common?
Failure to perceive things easily seen once noticed | Both due to lack of attention
87
Differences between change blindness and inattentional blindness
Inattentional: something expected/ odd about picture/ movie scene Memory not required to notice what is unexpected/odd Change blindness: memory plays a role One picture/ scene needs to be compared to another Looking at each picture / scene separately, nothing unusual
88
Subliminal:
Below the the threshold of awareness
89
Two famous cases of subliminal influences on behaviour:
James Vicary | Diederik Stapel
90
James Vicary Case
Claimed to have successfully used subliminal advertising to increase coke and popcorn sales
91
Recent claims of successful subliminal priming
Karremans et al | Hassin et al
92
Karremans et al
Subliminal priming to choose Lipton ice tea over mineral water
93
Hassin et al
Repeated subliminal presentation of Israeli flag makes you more likely to vote for a centre party
94
Methodological issues Seth subliminal priming
V difficult to show subliminal stimuli subliminal Response bias Motivation
95
Broadbent (1952) showed that
It is very difficult to understand two messages presented at the same time (50% correct answers)
96
Pre attentive analysis accomplished by:
Sensory system
97
Why is broadbents filter theory an early selection theory?
Selection occurs before stimulus identification
98
Based on Triesman's model of attention, why is irrelevant info sometimes processed?
Leakage
99
Following corbetta and shulman, functions of the dorsal attention network include:
Top down control Voluntary allocation of attention Endogenous attention

Psychology (16 decks)

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