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Psychology > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention is:

A

Goal Directed

Deployed to achieve something

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2
Q

Type of search

A

Visual search

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3
Q

Type of visual search:

A

Pop out search: fast, effortless

Serial search: slow, effortful

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4
Q

Shifted attention?

A

Spotlight metaphor
Start left move right
Attention and eye movement coupled
But not Posner Task

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5
Q

Attention zoomed

A

The zoom lens metaphor

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6
Q

Attention selective

A

Attention as a filter
Miss friend with blonde hair when looking for friend with red hair
Attending to one thing means not attending to other thing

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7
Q

Characteristics of attention

A 
Shifted 
Zoomed 
Selective 
Limited 
Captured 
Divided
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8
Q

Attention limited

A

Attention as a resource
Listening to 2 people at same time
“Run out of attention”

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9
Q

Attention captured

A

Control attention to a degree
Search friend red hair, never sits in first row
Attention still altered by other red haired students in first row

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10
Q

Attention divided

A

Between modalities

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11
Q

Modern attention research:

A

Donald broadbent

Cherry

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12
Q

Air traffic control

A

Attention demanding
Multiple pilots talking at same time
Broad bent: understand 2 simultaneous messages

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13
Q

Broadbent task and Result

A

Relevant call sign baron
No spatial separation of speakers
50% q’s answered correctly
V, difficult even with limited number of alternatives

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14
Q

Cherry Cocktail Party Problem

A

How do we recognise what one person is saying when others are speaking at the same time
Spatial separation of speakers

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15
Q

Conditions of cocktail party problem and result

A

Condition 1: two messages by same speaker played to both ears
Hear both messages in both ears
Result: v difficult but possible after many repetitions
N=1

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16
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeat one, ignore the other

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17
Q

Cocktail party problem, condition 2 and result:

A

Two messages by the same speaker simultaneously played to different ears
Result: much easier, able to attend to 1 ear

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18
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Hear one message in left ear and other in right ear

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19
Q

What happens to irrelevant message?

A

No words or semantic content reported
Change in language not noticed
Reversed speech sometimes recognised
Change from male - female or to pure tone recognised
Basic physical stimulus characteristics processed

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20
Q

Conclusion from attention experiments:

A

Attend to 2 messages not separable by physical cues
Same speaker and ear
V hard
Attend to 1 message and know little about other

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21
Q

Broadbents Filter Theory

A

Meaning of irrelevant information is not analysed
Senses, short term store, selective filter, limited capacity channel (p system), store of conditional possibilities of past events, system for varying output until some input is secured
Effectors

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22
Q

Broadbents filter theory:

Short term store

A

Sensory register/ buffer
Immediate memory
Iconic/echoic memory
Parallel processing of simple physical stimulus properties (location, pitch, intensity)

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23
Q

Filter

A

Selects info for further processing

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24
Q

Basis for selection

A

Physical stimulus properties in short term store

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25
Q

The limited capacity channel

A

Serial processor (one thing at a time)
E.g. Analysis of word meaning
Focus of attention on working memory

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26
Q

What kind of selection theory is broadbents theory?

A

Early selection

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27
Q

Why is broadbents theory an early selection theory?

A

Selection/filtering occurs before stimuli are identified and analysed

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28
Q

Own name effect

A

Moray shadowing task

1/3 of ppts notice own name in irrelevant channel

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29
Q

What does own name effect require?

A

Processing beyond basic physical stimulus characteristics, meaning of irrelevant info WAS analysed

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30
Q

Own name effect also called

A

Cocktail party effect

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31
Q

Evidence against early selection theories

A 
Own name effect 
Channel switching 
Electric shocks 
Attenuation theory 
Late selection theory
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32
Q

Channel switching and results

A 
Treisman
Participants may briefly Switch ears when messages switched (upper case= shadowed) 
18 subjects 
Results: 3 never switched, 15 did
Meaning of irrelevant info WAS analysed
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33
Q

Electric shocks and result

A

Phase 1: words paired with electric shocks
Phase 2: words presented with irrelevant channel
Result: words affect skin conductance responses

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34
Q

Attenuation Theory

A

Treisman
Filter not completely selective
Some concepts in mental dictionary more readily available (e.g. Own names)
Relatively weak signal sufficient to activate these concepts

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35
Q

Late selection

A

Deutsch and deutsch
Meaning analysed before filter
Processing of perceptual only is automatic (not under voluntary control) and not capacity limited (everything analysed)

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36
Q

Why is irrelevant information sometimes processed?

A

Leakage
Slippage
Spillover

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37
Q

Input modality

A

Visual attention
Auditory attention
Cross modal attention (more than one modality)

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38
Q

Number of relevant Input streams

A

One: focused attention
More: divided attention

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39
Q

What is attended?

A

Spatial attention
Feature based attention
Object based attention

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40
Q

Locus of control

A

Exogenous attention

Endogenous attention

41
Q

Exogenous attention

A

An external stimulus capturing attention

42
Q

Endogenous attention

A

The participant needs to figure out where to attend (this might still be based on an external cue)

43
Q

Time dimension

A

Phasic attention

Sustained attention

44
Q

What is sustained attention

A

Tonic alertness or vigilance

Attend over many minutes - hours

45
Q

Selectivity

A

Selective attention

Non- selective attention

46
Q

Selective attention

A

Almost synonymous with attention

We usually attend to something

47
Q

Non- selective attention

A

General arousal Level

Unspecific effects of selective attention (participant should attend region A, but also attends adjacent areas)

48
Q

Spatial attention metaphors

A

Spotlight
Zoom lens (focused or diffuse)
Multiple spotlights

49
Q

Brain systems: Corbetta and Shulman

A

Ventral attention network (Van)

Dorsal attention network (Dan)

50
Q

Brain systems: Peterson and posner

A

Alerting network
Orienting network (VAN and DAN)
Executive network

51
Q

Tasks

A 
Visual search
Flanker task
Attentional capture 
Attentional blink 
Posner cueing paradigm
52
Q

Early selection:

A

Unattended stimuli are not identified

53
Q

Late selection:

A

Unattended stimuli are identified and meaning is analysed

54
Q

Leakage

A

Treisman
Filter does not block, but attenuate information from irrelevant channel leaks through filter
Attenuated Info can activate concepts in long term memory- identification of stimuli

55
Q

Slippage

A

Cannot focus on relevant channel all the time

If attentional resources to irrelevant channel avoidable

56
Q

Spillover

A

Cannot stop deploying attention until resource depleted

If relevant channel needs less attention than available, attention will ‘spill over’ to irrelevant channel

57
Q

Lachter et al ‘s study

A 
Identification without attention 
40 years 
Reinterpret old experiments 
Conduct new experiments 
Broadbent was correct - no identification without attention
58
Q

Lavie’s research on:

A

Spillover

59
Q

Lavie’s research on spillover:

A

Perceptual capacity limited (from early selection theory)

Perceptual processing automatic (from late selection theory)

60
Q

Late selection central assumptions

A

Processing of perceptual input is
Automatic (not u dear voluntary control)
Not capacity limited (everything fully analysed)

61
Q

Lavie’s hybrid theory

A

Combined assumptions from early and mate selection theories

62
Q

Lachter vs Lavie

A

No identification without attention
Lachter: of attention focused no slippage processing of irrelevant channel avoidable
Lavie: capacity of perceptual attention limited, but not under voluntary control , low perceptual load: processing of irrelevant channel unavoidable

63
Q

Lavie & Cox Conclusion

A

Perceptual load for relevant channel influences extent to which information in irrelevant channel is processed

64
Q

High perceptual load means

A

Information in irrelevant channel not identified

65
Q

Low perceptual load means

A

Information in irrelevant channel identified

66
Q

Why does Cognitive not allow full understanding of attention

A

Leaves open how the brain does it

Full understanding includes neural Mechanisms that underlie attentional processes

67
Q

Brain activity underlies:

A

Our thoughts, emotions and memories

Consciousness

68
Q

There can be no change in mind state without a change in …

A

Brain state

69
Q

Advantages of neuroscience approach

A

Learn about neural mechanisms of attention

Can be additional dependent variable (when no observable behaviour)

70
Q

Kouider et al

A

EEG recorded during sleep

71
Q

MRI stands for:

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

72
Q

The lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

73
Q

Large-scale attentional networks

A

Large scale: areas in different lobes of the brain
Attentional: activity modulated by attention
Networks: areas tightly interconnected by neuronal pathway often activated together

74
Q

Two major attention networks:

A

Dorsal attention network

Ventral attention network

75
Q

Dorsal attention network main components:

A

Frontal eye field

Intraparietal sulcus

76
Q

Ventral attention network main components:

A

Ventral frontal cortex

Temporoparietal junction

77
Q

Dorsal attention network features

A

Top down control
Goal driven orienting
Left and right hemisphere

78
Q

Ventral attention network features

A

Bottom up control
Stimulus driven reorientating
Right hemisphere

79
Q

Damage to the VENTRAL attention network can lead to…

A

Spatial neglect

80
Q

Features of Spatial neglect:

A

One side of space ignored (almost always left) sometimes called hemineglect
Extinction
Spatial neglect patients unaware of deficit
Patients performance typically improves over time

81
Q

Extinction:

A

When both fingers moved at the same time only on non neglected side was perceived

82
Q

Processing hierarchy

A

Primary areas: close to sensory input
Higher level areas: further removed from sensory input
Primary visual cortex
Higher level visual cortex

83
Q

Top down attention effects

A

Higher level areas (dorsal attention network) “tell” lower-level areas (Visual brain areas) where and what to attend

84
Q

Different types of blindness

A

Inattentional blindness

Change blindness

85
Q

Change blindness features:

A

Can be difficult to detect changes
Temporary occlusion
Change occur v slowly

86
Q

What do change blindness and Inattentional blindness have in common?

A

Failure to perceive things easily seen once noticed

Both due to lack of attention

87
Q

Differences between change blindness and inattentional blindness

A

Inattentional: something expected/ odd about picture/ movie scene
Memory not required to notice what is unexpected/odd
Change blindness: memory plays a role
One picture/ scene needs to be compared to another
Looking at each picture / scene separately, nothing unusual

88
Q

Subliminal:

A

Below the the threshold of awareness

89
Q

Two famous cases of subliminal influences on behaviour:

A

James Vicary

Diederik Stapel

90
Q

James Vicary Case

A

Claimed to have successfully used subliminal advertising to increase coke and popcorn sales

91
Q

Recent claims of successful subliminal priming

A

Karremans et al

Hassin et al

92
Q

Karremans et al

A

Subliminal priming to choose Lipton ice tea over mineral water

93
Q

Hassin et al

A

Repeated subliminal presentation of Israeli flag makes you more likely to vote for a centre party

94
Q

Methodological issues Seth subliminal priming

A

V difficult to show subliminal stimuli subliminal
Response bias
Motivation

95
Q

Broadbent (1952) showed that

A

It is very difficult to understand two messages presented at the same time (50% correct answers)

96
Q

Pre attentive analysis accomplished by:

A

Sensory system

97
Q

Why is broadbents filter theory an early selection theory?

A

Selection occurs before stimulus identification

98
Q

Based on Triesman’s model of attention, why is irrelevant info sometimes processed?

A

Leakage

99
Q

Following corbetta and shulman, functions of the dorsal attention network include:

A

Top down control
Voluntary allocation of attention
Endogenous attention

Psychology (16 decks)

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