Pelvic Cavity Flashcards
what is the scrotal raphe
ridge like seam that divides septum of external scrotum
runs down ventral (underside) surface of penis all the way to the anus
what do the dartos muscle and superficial dartos fascia do
extensions of scarpa’s fascia that form scrotal septum
wrinkle based on temperature
what is the tunica vaginalis
visceral and parietal peritoneal layers of the testi
what are the layers of the spermatic cord from outermost to innermost
external spermatic fascia - (came from external oblique aponeurosis)
cremaster muscle within cremasteric fascia - (came from internal oblique)
internal spermatic fascia - (came from transversalis fascia)
what are the scrotal layers from outermost to innermost
skin
superficial dartos fascia and muscle - (came from scarpa’s fascia)
coverings of spermatic cord
visceral and parietal layer of tunica vaginalis - (came from peritoneum)
what is the external spermatic fascia derived from
external oblique aponeurosis
what is the cremaster muscle and its fascia formed by
internal oblique muscle
what is the function of the cremaster muscle
contracts or relaxes to control height of testes
what is the internal spermatic fascia derived from
transversalis fascia
what is contained within the spermatic cord
ductus deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
lymph vessels
nerves
what is the path of the spermatic cord starting at the scrotum
superficial (external) inguinal ring
inguinal canal
deep (internal) inguinal ring
abdominal cavity
explain hydrocele
excess serous secretions from cells of visceral layer of tunica vaginalis build up in the processus vaginalis
can occur in the speramtic cord or testes
diagnosed by transillumination (shining light against the scrotum)
typically goes away on its own
what is the processus vaginalis
blind-ended evagination of abdominal wall that develops during fetal life
typically undergoes obliteration in early life
fluid can get caught here (hydrocele)
which two structures work together to regulate temperature of testes
scrotum and speramtic cord
at what temperature do testes best produce sperm
3 degrees cooler (34 C) than body temperaure (37 C)
what is countercurrent heat exchange
heat transfer from testicular artery to pampiniform plexus to help reduce scrotal temperature
what happens to the testes when the external temperature is cold
dartos muscle (around scrotum) contracts to make the scrotum shorter and wrinkled - decreases surface area and reduces heat loss
cremaster muscle (around testes) contracts to draw testes closer to warmth of body
what happens to the testes when the external temperature is hot
dartos and cremaster muscles relax
scrotum becomes relaxed and flaccid to increase surface area and cooling
what are accessory sex glands
exocrine glands that produce liquid portion of semen
what are the seminal vesicles and what do they do
lie lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens; posterior to bladder; and superior to prostate
arise from wolffian duct
provide fluid and nourishment for sperm
what is the prostate and what does it do
encapsulated gland found inferior to bladder
surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct
made of prostic ducts which open into sinuses
smooth muscle of prostate contracts during ejaculation to squeeze prostatic secretions into urethra
explain the lobes and orientation of the prostate gland
isthmus (anterior)
posterior (posterior to ejaculatory duct)
right lateral
left lateral
middle (posterior to urethra and anterior to ejaculatory duct)
how much does a prostate gland weigh
20-40 grams
what is the urethral crest of the prostate gland
area between right and left lobes
contains seminal colliculus
what is the seminal colliculus
rounded portion within the urethral crest
what is the prostatic utricle
slit opening in the apex of the seminal colliculus
remnant of uterovaginal canal
what are the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
marble sized glands found at the base of penis on either side of membranous urethra
drain into urethra
what are the 3 male accessory sex glands
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
explain benign prostic hyperplasia
enlarged prostate impedes urination
nocturia (peeing a lot at night) is a common sympthom
can cause bladder infections and kidney damage if left untreated
treated by drugs or widening of the area to allow urine to pass
explain prostate cancer
slow growing, resistant tumor that often begins in the posterior lobe of prostate
found using rectal exam and ultrasound
can metastisize to surrounding bone
treated by prostate removal (prostatectomy)
at which week is the placenta fully formed
week 12 (3 months)
what is the purpose of the placenta
site of exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
produces hormones to support pregnancy
what are 3 hormones produced by the placenta
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, and progesterone
what is the weight and diamter of a placenta at delivery
weight: 500-600 g
diameter: 15-20 cm
explain the blood flow of the placenta
fetus:
umbilical arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to chorionic villi
blood is exchanged
high nutrient/oxygenated blood enters umbilical vein and goes to the fetus
maternal:
maternal arteries deliver oxygenated blood to chorionic villi
blood is exchanged
deoxygenated blood enters the material veins to be brough back to the heart
what is the corionic plate (chorion) and what is it made of
fetal surface of placenta
made of:
amniotic membrane (amnion) - outermost layer
chorionic vessels - continuous with umbilical cord
chorionic villi (internal capillaries)
what is the basal plate and what is it made of
materal surface of placenta
made of:
decidua - modified endometerium
cotyledons (lobes) - 10-40
what four structures make up the internal female genitalia
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
what is the pouch of Douglas
rectouterine pouch
space between rectum and posterior aspect of uterus
what causes older womens’ ovaries to be bumpy
scars form after eggs are released
what are the two functions of the ovaries
produce ova (eggs)
secrete hormones
makes it a reproductive and endocrine organ
how much does an ovary weigh after pregnancy
7 grams
14 grams for both
what four hormones do the ovaries secrete
estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
relaxin
what three different types of estrogen do the ovaries secrete and when are they secreted
estradiol (E2): puberty to menopause
estrone (E1): menopause
estriol (E3): during pregnancy
what is the tunica albuginea (female)
fibrous covering on surface of ovary
what is the ovarian cortex and what does it do
inner portion of ovary
site of oogensis (making of eggs)
what do developing follicles and gametes form
corpus luteum then corpus albicans
what is the ovarian medulla
innermost region of ovary where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are found
what does the broad ligament do
large, flat ligaments that attach the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus to bony pelvis
what does the ovarian ligament do
connects medial surface of ovary to uterus
what is the ovarian ligament homologous to in males
gubernaculum
what does the suspensory ligament (infundibulopelvic ligament) do
connects lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall
also provides support for ovarian artery and vein
are uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts) found within the peritoneal cavity?
yes
also supported by a portion of broad ligament
what are the 4 sections of the uterine tube starting closes to the uterus
isthmus
ampulla
infundibulum
fimbriae
what is the most likely area of fertilization
ampulla of uterine tube
what is the vesicular appendix (hydatid of morgagni)
small vesicles of fimbriae
remnant of mullerian duct
spot of formation of watery cysts
where is the uterus located within the pelvic cavity
anterior to rectum and posterior to bladder
how much does a uterus weigh before and after gestation
before: 35 g
after: 110 g
what is the isthmus of the uterus
area where uterine body ends and cervix begins
1 cm long
what is the endocervix or endocervical canal
within the cervix
made of glandular epithelium
what is the supravaginal part of the cervix
top portion of cervix
abuts the isthmus
what is the vaginal (exocervix) part of the cervix
bottom portion of the cervix that connects to the vaginal canal
what is the external os of cervix
opening of cervix into the vagina
what is the fornix of the vagina
small recess on either side of the cervix where the vagina starts
what is the cervical endocervical (squamocolumnar) junction and what is its significance
area of cervix where tissue changes from glandular epithelium (inner cervix) to squamous epitheium (edge of cervix)
this junction (transitional zone) will move based on stages of life and can be more prone to cancer
what is the perimetrium
outer layer of the uterine wall
extension of the parietal peritoneum
what is the myometrium
middle layer of the uterine wall that’s composed of bundles of smooth muscle
contracts during orgasm and childbirth
what is the endometrium
inner layer of the uterine wall mucous membrane composed of simple columnar epithelium
rests on lamina propria
what is the lateral cervical ligaments
found at the inferior border of the broad ligament
connect the cervix and superior vagina to lateral walls of pelvis
what is the broad ligament
large sheet
connects uterus laterally
what are the uterosacral ligaments
connect the posterior aspect of the uterus to the sacrum
what are the round ligaments
comes off anterior to the ovarian ligament
goes through inguinal canal
connects the uterus to labia majora
what is the mesometrium of the broad ligament
mesentary around the uterus
connects the uterine body to the lateral pelvic walls
what is the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament
mesentary of the uterine tubes
found directly inferior to the tube - most superior part of broad ligament
what is the mesovarium of the broad ligament
mesentary directly superior to the ovary
posterior extension of the broad ligament
what is the ovarian ligament
connects the inferior pole of ovary to uterus
what is the suspensory ligament of ovary
connects the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
explain cervical cancer
adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
ususally caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) - affects transitional zone
prevented by pap smears and HPV vaccines
explain ovarian cancer
ususally begin from peritoneal (superficial) epithelium
can be linked from breast cancer
explain endometrial adenocarcinoma
most common type of femal genitalia cancer
often begins in uterus and affects post menopausal women
abnormal bleeding after menopause
explain myometrail leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
benign, smooth muscle tumor
common in 40-60 year old women
3 types:
intramural: grow within the uterine muscle
submucosal: bulge into uterine cavity
subserosal: project into the uterine cavity (can be pedunculated)
explain clyamydia
sexually transmitted infection caused by chlamydia bacteria (obligate intracellular bacteria)
treated with antibiotics
can cause infertility if left untreated
explain rectocele
herniation of the rectum’s front wall into the back of the vagina
prevents a bowel movement cause part of the rectum is stuck
tx: kegels and surgery
explain cystocele (vesicocele)
herniation of bladder into vagina wall
tx: ring to support bladder, estrogen
what is the vaginal mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
tough to withstand frictional forces
no glands
what is the hymen
vascular partition of mucosa near distal vaginal orifice
what is the pudendum
vulva
external genitalia
what is the anterior urogenital triangle
contains the clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening
what is the posterior anal triangle
contains the anus
what part of the female genitalia is homologous to scrotum
labia majora
what is the posterior labial commissure
bottom portion of female genitalia where the labia minora come together
what is the fourchette (frenulum)
fold above the posterior labial commissure
abuts opening of vagina
what is the vestibule
recess enclosed within labia minora
contains the urethral orifice and vaginal opening
no clitoris
what are the paraurethral glands
on either side of the urethral orifice
discharge mucus into urethra
what are the greater vestibular (bartholin’s) glands
on either side of the vaginal orifice
secrete mucus into vestibule during intercourse
what are the parts of the clitoris
body and root
glans, 2 crura, and 2 corpora cavernosa
what is the fold of skin covering the body of the clitoris called
prepuce
what is the bulb of vestibule
lateral portion of clitoris the wrap around vaginal and urethral orifices
becomes engorged with blood when stimulated
what is the bulb of vestibule homologous to in a male
corpus spongiosum
what is the crus of clitoris
the tail end of the two legs that extend from the clitoral body
what is the corpus cavernosum in females
the proximal portion of the two legs that extend from the clitoral body
generally, are veins running medially or laterally to arteries within the structures of the pelvis
laterally
what is the blood flow from the internal iliac artery in females
abdominal aorta
common iliac artery
internal iliac artery - anterior trunk
umbilical artery (splits into obliterated)
uterine artery
inferior vesicle artery (to bladder)
vaginal artery
internal pudendal artery (external genitalia)
what does the inferior epigastric artery branch off of
external iliac artery
what artery does the ureter run deep to
uterine artery
which artery in males supplies most of the perineum
internal pudendal artery
what artery does the internal pudendal come off of
internal iliac artery
what artery does the dorsal penile artery branch from
terminal end of internal pudendal artery
what is the ovarian artery a branch of
abdominal aorta
what do the middle and inferior rectal arteries branch from
internal iliac artery
what artery supplies the anal canal
inferior rectal artery
which nerve supplies the sympathetic division of the pelvic cavity and where is it found
hypogastric plexus
begins at the common iliac artery split
which nerve supplies the parasympathetic division of the pelvic cavity and where is it found
pelvic splanchnic nerve
on either side of the rectum and bladder
what does the vesical venous plexus drain
venous blood from the bladder
what does the prostatic venous plexus drain
venous blood from the prostate
