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Human Anatomy Lecture > Pelvic Cavity > Flashcards

Pelvic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scrotal raphe

A

ridge like seam that divides septum of external scrotum
runs down ventral (underside) surface of penis all the way to the anus

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2
Q

what do the dartos muscle and superficial dartos fascia do

A

extensions of scarpa’s fascia that form scrotal septum
wrinkle based on temperature

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3
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis

A

visceral and parietal peritoneal layers of the testi

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4
Q

what are the layers of the spermatic cord from outermost to innermost

A

external spermatic fascia - (came from external oblique aponeurosis)
cremaster muscle within cremasteric fascia - (came from internal oblique)
internal spermatic fascia - (came from transversalis fascia)

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5
Q

what are the scrotal layers from outermost to innermost

A

skin
superficial dartos fascia and muscle - (came from scarpa’s fascia)
coverings of spermatic cord
visceral and parietal layer of tunica vaginalis - (came from peritoneum)

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6
Q

what is the external spermatic fascia derived from

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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7
Q

what is the cremaster muscle and its fascia formed by

A

internal oblique muscle

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8
Q

what is the function of the cremaster muscle

A

contracts or relaxes to control height of testes

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9
Q

what is the internal spermatic fascia derived from

A

transversalis fascia

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10
Q

what is contained within the spermatic cord

A

ductus deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
lymph vessels
nerves

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11
Q

what is the path of the spermatic cord starting at the scrotum

A

superficial (external) inguinal ring
inguinal canal
deep (internal) inguinal ring
abdominal cavity

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12
Q

explain hydrocele

A

excess serous secretions from cells of visceral layer of tunica vaginalis build up in the processus vaginalis
can occur in the speramtic cord or testes
diagnosed by transillumination (shining light against the scrotum)
typically goes away on its own

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13
Q

what is the processus vaginalis

A

blind-ended evagination of abdominal wall that develops during fetal life
typically undergoes obliteration in early life
fluid can get caught here (hydrocele)

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14
Q

which two structures work together to regulate temperature of testes

A

scrotum and speramtic cord

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15
Q

at what temperature do testes best produce sperm

A

3 degrees cooler (34 C) than body temperaure (37 C)

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16
Q

what is countercurrent heat exchange

A

heat transfer from testicular artery to pampiniform plexus to help reduce scrotal temperature

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17
Q

what happens to the testes when the external temperature is cold

A

dartos muscle (around scrotum) contracts to make the scrotum shorter and wrinkled - decreases surface area and reduces heat loss
cremaster muscle (around testes) contracts to draw testes closer to warmth of body

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18
Q

what happens to the testes when the external temperature is hot

A

dartos and cremaster muscles relax
scrotum becomes relaxed and flaccid to increase surface area and cooling

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19
Q

what are accessory sex glands

A

exocrine glands that produce liquid portion of semen

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20
Q

what are the seminal vesicles and what do they do

A

lie lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens; posterior to bladder; and superior to prostate
arise from wolffian duct
provide fluid and nourishment for sperm

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21
Q

what is the prostate and what does it do

A

encapsulated gland found inferior to bladder
surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct
made of prostic ducts which open into sinuses
smooth muscle of prostate contracts during ejaculation to squeeze prostatic secretions into urethra

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22
Q

explain the lobes and orientation of the prostate gland

A

isthmus (anterior)
posterior (posterior to ejaculatory duct)
right lateral
left lateral
middle (posterior to urethra and anterior to ejaculatory duct)

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23
Q

how much does a prostate gland weigh

A

20-40 grams

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24
Q

what is the urethral crest of the prostate gland

A

area between right and left lobes
contains seminal colliculus

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25
what is the seminal colliculus
rounded portion within the urethral crest
26
what is the prostatic utricle
slit opening in the apex of the seminal colliculus remnant of uterovaginal canal
27
what are the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
marble sized glands found at the base of penis on either side of membranous urethra **drain into urethra**
28
what are the 3 male accessory sex glands
seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
29
explain benign prostic hyperplasia
**enlarged prostate impedes urination** nocturia (peeing a lot at night) is a common sympthom can cause bladder infections and kidney damage if left untreated treated by drugs or widening of the area to allow urine to pass
30
explain prostate cancer
**slow growing, resistant tumor that often begins in the posterior lobe of prostate** found using rectal exam and ultrasound can metastisize to surrounding bone treated by prostate removal (prostatectomy)
31
at which week is the placenta fully formed
week 12 (3 months)
32
what is the purpose of the placenta
site of exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste produces hormones to support pregnancy
33
what are 3 hormones produced by the placenta
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), estrogen, and progesterone
34
what is the weight and diamter of a placenta at delivery
weight: 500-600 g diameter: 15-20 cm
35
explain the blood flow of the placenta
**fetus:** umbilical arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to chorionic villi blood is exchanged high nutrient/oxygenated blood enters umbilical vein and goes to the fetus **maternal:** maternal arteries deliver oxygenated blood to chorionic villi blood is exchanged deoxygenated blood enters the material veins to be brough back to the heart
36
what is the corionic plate (chorion) and what is it made of
fetal surface of placenta made of: amniotic membrane (amnion) - outermost layer chorionic vessels - continuous with umbilical cord chorionic villi (internal capillaries)
37
what is the basal plate and what is it made of
materal surface of placenta made of: decidua - modified endometerium cotyledons (lobes) - 10-40
38
what four structures make up the internal female genitalia
ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina
39
what is the pouch of Douglas
rectouterine pouch **space between rectum and posterior aspect of uterus**
40
what causes older womens' ovaries to be bumpy
scars form after eggs are released
41
what are the two functions of the ovaries
produce ova (eggs) secrete hormones makes it a reproductive and endocrine organ
42
how much does an ovary weigh after pregnancy
7 grams 14 grams for both
43
what four hormones do the ovaries secrete
estrogen progesterone inhibin relaxin
44
what three different types of estrogen do the ovaries secrete and when are they secreted
estradiol (E2): puberty to menopause estrone (E1): menopause estriol (E3): during pregnancy
45
what is the tunica albuginea (female)
fibrous covering on surface of ovary
46
what is the ovarian cortex and what does it do
inner portion of ovary **site of oogensis (making of eggs)**
47
what do developing follicles and gametes form
corpus luteum then corpus albicans
48
what is the ovarian medulla
innermost region of ovary where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are found
49
what does the broad ligament do
large, flat ligaments that attach the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus to bony pelvis
50
what does the ovarian ligament do
connects medial surface of ovary to uterus
51
what is the ovarian ligament homologous to in males
gubernaculum
52
what does the suspensory ligament (infundibulopelvic ligament) do
connects lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall also provides support for ovarian artery and vein
53
are uterine tubes (fallopian tubes, oviducts) found within the peritoneal cavity?
yes also supported by a portion of broad ligament
54
what are the 4 sections of the uterine tube starting closes to the uterus
isthmus ampulla infundibulum fimbriae
55
what is the most likely area of fertilization
ampulla of uterine tube
56
what is the vesicular appendix (hydatid of morgagni)
small vesicles of fimbriae remnant of mullerian duct **spot of formation of watery cysts**
57
where is the uterus located within the pelvic cavity
anterior to rectum and posterior to bladder
58
how much does a uterus weigh before and after gestation
before: 35 g after: 110 g
59
what is the isthmus of the uterus
area where uterine body ends and cervix begins 1 cm long
60
what is the endocervix or endocervical canal
within the cervix made of glandular epithelium
61
what is the supravaginal part of the cervix
top portion of cervix abuts the isthmus
62
what is the vaginal (exocervix) part of the cervix
bottom portion of the cervix that connects to the vaginal canal
63
what is the external os of cervix
opening of cervix into the vagina
64
what is the fornix of the vagina
small recess on either side of the cervix where the vagina starts
65
what is the cervical endocervical (squamocolumnar) junction and what is its significance
area of cervix where tissue changes from glandular epithelium (inner cervix) to squamous epitheium (edge of cervix) **this junction (transitional zone) will move based on stages of life and can be more prone to cancer**
66
what is the perimetrium
outer layer of the uterine wall extension of the parietal peritoneum
67
what is the myometrium
middle layer of the uterine wall that's composed of bundles of smooth muscle **contracts during orgasm and childbirth**
68
what is the endometrium
inner layer of the uterine wall mucous membrane composed of simple columnar epithelium rests on lamina propria
69
what is the lateral cervical ligaments
found at the inferior border of the broad ligament **connect the cervix and superior vagina to lateral walls of pelvis**
70
what is the broad ligament
large sheet **connects uterus laterally**
71
what are the uterosacral ligaments
connect the posterior aspect of the uterus to the sacrum
72
what are the round ligaments
comes off anterior to the ovarian ligament goes through inguinal canal **connects the uterus to labia majora**
73
what is the mesometrium of the broad ligament
mesentary around the uterus **connects the uterine body to the lateral pelvic walls**
74
what is the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament
mesentary of the uterine tubes found directly inferior to the tube - **most superior part of broad ligament**
75
what is the mesovarium of the broad ligament
mesentary directly superior to the ovary **posterior extension of the broad ligament**
76
what is the ovarian ligament
connects the inferior pole of ovary to uterus
77
what is the suspensory ligament of ovary
connects the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
78
explain cervical cancer
adenocarcinoma and **squamous cell carcinoma** ususally caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) - affects transitional zone prevented by pap smears and HPV vaccines
79
explain ovarian cancer
ususally begin from peritoneal (superficial) epithelium can be linked from breast cancer
80
explain endometrial adenocarcinoma
most common type of femal genitalia cancer often begins in uterus and affects post menopausal women abnormal bleeding after menopause
81
explain myometrail leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
benign, smooth muscle tumor common in 40-60 year old women 3 types: **intramural: grow within the uterine muscle submucosal: bulge into uterine cavity subserosal: project into the uterine cavity (can be pedunculated)**
82
explain clyamydia
sexually transmitted infection caused by chlamydia bacteria (obligate intracellular bacteria) treated with antibiotics can cause infertility if left untreated
83
explain rectocele
herniation of the rectum's front wall into the back of the vagina prevents a bowel movement cause part of the rectum is stuck tx: kegels and surgery
84
explain cystocele (vesicocele)
herniation of bladder into vagina wall tx: ring to support bladder, estrogen
85
what is the vaginal mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium **tough to withstand frictional forces no glands**
86
what is the hymen
vascular partition of mucosa near distal vaginal orifice
87
what is the pudendum
vulva external genitalia
88
what is the anterior urogenital triangle
contains the clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening
89
what is the posterior anal triangle
contains the anus
90
what part of the female genitalia is homologous to scrotum
labia majora
91
what is the posterior labial commissure
bottom portion of female genitalia where the labia minora come together
92
what is the fourchette (frenulum)
fold above the posterior labial commissure abuts opening of vagina
93
what is the vestibule
recess enclosed within labia minora contains the urethral orifice and vaginal opening **no clitoris**
94
what are the paraurethral glands
on either side of the urethral orifice **discharge mucus into urethra**
95
what are the greater vestibular (bartholin's) glands
on either side of the vaginal orifice **secrete mucus into vestibule during intercourse**
96
what are the parts of the clitoris
body and root glans, 2 crura, and 2 corpora cavernosa
97
what is the fold of skin covering the body of the clitoris called
prepuce
98
what is the bulb of vestibule
lateral portion of clitoris the wrap around vaginal and urethral orifices **becomes engorged with blood when stimulated**
99
what is the bulb of vestibule homologous to in a male
corpus spongiosum
100
what is the crus of clitoris
the tail end of the two legs that extend from the clitoral body
101
what is the corpus cavernosum in females
the proximal portion of the two legs that extend from the clitoral body
102
generally, are veins running medially or laterally to arteries within the structures of the pelvis
laterally
103
what is the blood flow from the internal iliac artery in females
abdominal aorta common iliac artery **internal iliac artery - anterior trunk** **umbilical artery (splits into obliterated)** **uterine artery** **inferior vesicle artery (to bladder)** **vaginal artery** **internal pudendal artery (external genitalia)**
104
what does the inferior epigastric artery branch off of
external iliac artery
105
what artery does the ureter run deep to
uterine artery
106
which artery in males supplies most of the perineum
internal pudendal artery
107
what artery does the internal pudendal come off of
internal iliac artery
108
what artery does the dorsal penile artery branch from
terminal end of internal pudendal artery
109
what is the ovarian artery a branch of
abdominal aorta
110
what do the middle and inferior rectal arteries branch from
internal iliac artery
111
what artery supplies the anal canal
inferior rectal artery
112
which nerve supplies the sympathetic division of the pelvic cavity and where is it found
hypogastric plexus begins at the common iliac artery split
113
which nerve supplies the parasympathetic division of the pelvic cavity and where is it found
pelvic splanchnic nerve on either side of the rectum and bladder
114
what does the vesical venous plexus drain
venous blood from the bladder
115
what does the prostatic venous plexus drain
venous blood from the prostate

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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