Overview and Back Flashcards
systemic anatomy
examines human body by looking at individual organ systems
integumentary system: what it’s made of and functions
hair, skin, and nails
protection
produces vitamin D
retains water
regulates body temperature
skeletal system: what it’s made of and functions
bones and joints
supports the body
protects internal organs
provides leverage for movement
produces blood cells
stores calcium salts
muscular system: what it’s made of and functions
skeletal muscles
produces movement
controls body openings
generates heat
nervous system: what it’s made of and functions
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
regulates body functions
provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
endocrine system: what it’s made of and functions
pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries
regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through secretions of hormones
cardiovascular system: what it’s made of and functions
blood vessels and heart
pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
removes wastes from the tissues
transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
lymphatic system: what it’s made of and functions
tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic vessels
returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
provides immunity
respiratory system: what it’s made of and functions
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
delivers oxygen to blood
removes carbon dioxide from the body
maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
digestive system: what it’s made of and functions
mouth to anus
digests food
absorbs nutrients into the blood
removes food waste
regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances
urinary system: what it’s made of and functions
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
removes metabolic wastes from the blood
regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances
stimulates blood cell production
reproductive system of male: what it’s made of and functions
prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, and penis
produces and transports sperm, secretes hormones, and sexual function
reproductive system of female: what it’s made of and functions
mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, and vagina
produces and transports eggs
site of fetal development, nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
secretes hormones
sexual function
regional anatomy
divides body into regions such as head and neck
axial region
head, neck, and trunk
appendicular region
upper and lower limbs
1.)
cephalic
2.)
thoracic
3.)
sternal
4.)
abdominal
5.)
pelvic
6.)
manual
7.)
inguinal
8.)
pubic
9.)
pedal
10.)
plantar
11.)
sural
12.)
popliteal
13.)
gluteal
14.)
sacral
15.)
lumbar
16.)
vertberal
17.)
dorsal
18.)
cervical
19.)
occipital
1.)
cranial
2.)
frontal
3.)
ocular
4.)
nasal
5.)
mental
6.)
otic
7.)
buccal
8.)
oral
9.)
axillary
10.)
metacarpal
11.)
digital
12.)
pollex
13.)
carpal
14.)
antebrachial
15.)
antecubital
16.)
brachial
17.)
acromial
18.)
tarsal
19.)
hallux
20.)
digital
21.)
metatarsal
22.)
crural
23.)
patellar
24.)
femoral
25.)
coxal
flexion
movement is always towards the front except for the knee
extension
movement is always towards the back except for the knee
opposition
touching fingers to thumb
reposition
back to anatomical hand position
retrusion
retraction of lower jaw
protrusion
protrusion of lower jaw
protraction
bringing arms forward
retraction
bringing arms back
what is the dorsal cavity split into
cranial and vertebral cavity
what is the ventral cavity split into
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
what is the thoracic cavity split into
right and left pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity
what in the thoracic cavity is not within the serous membrane?
mediastinum
what is the abdominopelvic cavity split into?
abdominal and pelvic cavities
what is the peritoneal cavity
subdivision of abdominal cavity
what organs are behind the peritoneal cavity in the retroperitoneal?
kidneys and pancreas
what is the cutaneous membrane made of
epidermis and dermis
what are some features of the epidermis
avascular
mostly made of keratinocytes
oxygen and nutrients are diffused from dermis into lower layers of cells
what are some features of the dermis
lots of vasculature
sweat and sebaceous glands, hair and nails
arrector pilli muscles
sensory receptors
made of papillary layer and reticular layer
papillary layer of dermis
bumps at the top of the dermis (20% of height)
made of loose connective tissue
reticular layer of dermis
thicker
made of dense irregular connective tissue
collagen bundles and elastic fibers
what are langer lines
gaps found between collagen bundles in dermis creates indentations in epidermis
what causes stretch marks to from
collagen fibers get stretched and damaged
what are some features of the hypodermis
also called the superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue
anchor skin to muscle and bone
made of loose connective and adipose tissue
lots of blood supply
skin ligaments
small fibrous bands that extend through hypodermis and attach the dermis and deep fascia
what is fascia
wrapping, packing, and insulating material
made of dense connective tissue
surrounds things like muscle, bone, and blood vessels
2.)
neuromuscular sheath (fascia around nerves and blood vessels)
1.)
intermuscular septa
fascia between muscles
3.)
investing fascia of muscle
fascia within muscle
4.)
deep fascia bonded with periosteum of bone
fascia around bone
5.)
deep fascia
outer circumferential layer
what are the four levels of burns from superficial to deep
superficial, partial-thickness, full-thickness, 4th degree burn
what is the rule of nine pertaining to burns?
sections of the body are broken up into 9% so clinicians can do an estimate of what % of the body was covered in burns
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limbs and pectoral and pelvic girdle
how many bones in the skull
22
how many bones in the vertebral column
33
how many bones in the thoracic cage
12 pairs of ribs, 1 sternum, and part of vertebral column
what are the three parts of your upper limb
humerus, radius and ulna, and wrist and hand
what are the three parts of your lower limb
femur, tibia and fibula, and ankle and foot
what are the two parts of the pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
which side of the hand is the radius on?
thumb side
what are intervertebral foramen and what are their purpose
form holes at the back of the vertebrae to allow spinal nerve roots to pass through
what are the two primary curvatures that you develop during fetal development
thoracic and sacral
what are the two secondary curvatures that you develop after fetal period and why are they important
cervical and lumbar
allow us to walk upright
what is the cervical curvature and what does it allow us to do
C2-T2
hold our heads up
what is the lumbar curvature and what does it allow us to do
T12-L5
shifts weight of body onto sacrum
gives us balance and support needed to walk on two legs
what is excessive kyphosis
hunchback
1.)
spinous process
2.)
lamina
3.)
transverse process
4.)
facet of superior articular process
5.)
pedicle
6.) (left)
vertebral foramen
7.)
superior costal facet
8.)
inferior costal facet
what are the features of the atlas (C1)
no body or spinous process
has anterior and posterior arch to replace spinous process
what are the features of the axis (C2)
has dens (odontoid process) coming off small body
dens articulates with the atlantoaxial joint
allows head to shake no
what is spondylosis
hangman’s fracture
pars interarticularis fractures
what is lumbar spinal stenosis
narrowing of the vertebral foramen which can cause compression of the spinal cord
what is osteoporosis
demineralization of bones
abnormal deposits and reposits
what is a laminectomy
removal of the lamina and spinous process to get to the spinal cord
1.)
transverse foramen
2.)
transverse process
