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Human Anatomy Lecture > Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the weight of a female and male brain post fixation

A

female: 1275 g
male: 1375 g

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2
Q

what are the four divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

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3
Q

what are the three components of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and limbic system

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4
Q

what structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

nerve fibers called corpus callosum

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5
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

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6
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

higher mental functions including learning, memory, personality, thinking, language, and conscience
role in sensation and movement

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7
Q

what are sulci

A

shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum

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8
Q

what are gyri

A

elevated ridges found between sulci of cerebrum

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9
Q

what are the purpose of suci and gyri of the brain

A

increase surface area and maximize the limited space within the skull

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10
Q

what is a fissure

A

deep groove found on surface of cerebrum

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11
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

what is the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure or lateral sulcus)

A

deep groove separating frontal and occipital lobes from the temporal lobe

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13
Q

what is the central sulcus (rolandic sulcus)

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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14
Q

what is the precentral gyrus

A

portion of frontal lobe that is anterior to the central sulcus

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15
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

everything to do with motor
planning and executing movement
complex mental functions like behavior, conscience, and personality

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16
Q

what is the post central gyrus

A

portion of parietal lobe that is posterior to the central sulcus

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17
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

processes and integrates sensory information from the body
attention

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18
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

hearing
language
memory
emotions

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19
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

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20
Q

what is the calcarine fissure (calcarine sulcus)

A

separates the occipital lobe into an upper and lower bank

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21
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

process all information related to vision

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22
Q

1.)

A

lateral fissure

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23
Q

2.)

A

longitudinal fissure

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24
Q

3.)

A

corpus callosum

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25
4.)
central sulcus
26
5.)
postcentral gyrus
27
6.)
precentral gyrus
28
7.)
parieto-occipital sulcus
29
8.)
calcarine fissure (sulcus)
30
what are the three cerebral cortex types of gray matter
primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and association areas
31
what is the function of the primary motor cortex
planning and carrying out of conscious movements cell bodies of upper motor neurons that go to skeletal muscles of the opposite side of the body
32
where is the primary motor cortex found
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
33
what does a motor homunculus map signify
the important of vocalization and manual dexterity to human survival
34
which areas of the body receive more motor fibers and where on the cerebrum are these areas found
fingers, hands, throat and face
35
what are the 5 special senses
hearing taste touch smell vision
36
which lobe does not have all 5 special senses and why
frontal because it's main purpose is motor
37
what are the functions of the somatosensory areas
areas in the cerebral cortex that deal with somatic senses
38
what are the 6 somatic senses
temperature touch vibration pressure stretch joint position
39
where is the primary somatosensory area (S1) located
in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
40
where is the somatosensory association cortex (S2) located
posterior to the primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe
41
which areas of the body receive more sensory fibers and where on the cerebrum are these areas found
fingers, lips, tongue, and hands
42
what does a sensory homunculus map represent
importance of manual dexterity, facial expression, and speech to human existence
43
what is the function of the primary visual cortex
first area to receive visual input transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement and depth
44
what is the function of the primary auditory complex
first to receive auditory information transferred to auditory association cortex and other association areas for further processing
45
what is the function of the gustatory cortex
taste information processing
46
what is the function of the vestibular areas
processes equilibrium and positional sense
47
what is the function of the olfactory cortex
processes sense of smell
48
what is the function of association areas
to preform complex mental functions
49
what is the function of the Broca's area
premotor area for speech sounds ability to produce language
50
what is the function of the Wernicke's area
integrative speech area ability to understand language
51
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
communications with diencephalon, cerebral gray matter, and association areas behavior, personality, learning, memory, and personality state awareness of self
52
what is the function of the parietal and temporal association areas
parietal: spacial awareness and attention temporal: recognizing stimuli
53
1.)
primary motor cortex
54
2.)
primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
55
3.)
somatosensory association cortex (S2)
56
4.)
parietal association cortex
57
5.)
primary visual cortex
58
6.)
visual association area
59
7.)
Wernicke's area
60
8.)
auditory association cortex
61
9.)
primary auditory cortex
62
10.)
temporal association complex
63
11.)
Broca's area
64
12.)
prefrontal cortex
65
define hemispheric lateralization
R/L cerebral hemispheres are specialized to attend to different information
66
what are the left cerebral hemisphere's functions
reasoning numerical scientific use and understanding sign language spoken and written language
67
what are the right cerebral hemisphere's functions
musical and artistic awareness space and patter perception recognition of faces and expressions emotional content of language mental images to compare spacial relationships ID and discriminate odors
68
define aphasia
inability to express and/or understand language caused by left hemisphere damage
69
what is Broca's aphasia
speech that is not fluent
70
what is wernicke's aphasia
speech that is fluent but does not make sense
71
what is the basal nuclei (ganglia) of gray matter
cluster of neuronal cell bodies
72
what are the functions of the basal nuclei of gray matter
primarily for movement - especially in pathways behavior cognition perception
73
what is the internal capsule
separates basal nuclei from diencephalon
74
what are the three types of basal nuclei
caudate nuclei putamen globus pallidus
75
how do the basal ganglia influence direct pathways
increases motor function
76
how do the basal ganglia influence indirect pathways
decrease motor function
77
how do the basal ganglia influence nigrostriatal pathways
purely excitatory pathway - initiates movement
78
what is the function of the substantia nigra
controls movement between direct and indirect pathways by producing dopamine
79
how do direct pathways work
have dopamine receptors dopamine is released from substantia nigra which binds to the dopamine receptors and increases movement
80
how do indirect pathways work
have dopamine inhibitors dopamine is released from substantia nigra which binds to the dopamine inhibitors and increases movement
81
explain Parkinson's disease
substantia nigra has dead neurons so it's not producing dopamine overactivity of indirect pathways which causes difficulty initiation movements
82
explain Huntington's disease
loss of striatum cells in indirect pathways which inactivates them overactivity of direct pathways which causes unexpected movement
83
what are the three types of white matter
commissural fibers projection fibers association fibers
84
what is an example of commissural fibers
corpus callosum
85
what is an example of projection fibers
internal capsule
86
what is an example of association fibers
external capsule
87
1.)
internal capsule
88
2.)
caudate nucleus
89
3.)
putamen
90
4.)
globus pallidus
91
5.)
projection fibers
92
6.)
association fibers
93
7.)
diencephalon
94
8.)
corpus callosum
95
what are the 3 main parts of the limbic system
limbic lobe hippocampus amygdala
96
what is only found in mammalian brains
limbic system
97
what is the function of the limbic system
amygdala: expression of emotions, especially fear hippocampus: memory and learning
98
explain Alzheimer's disease
formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein in neurons) starts out by targeting hippocampus and entorhinal cortex then spreads to the entire brain brain shrinks
99
1.)
caudate nucleus
100
2.)
putamen and globus pallidus
101
3.)
hippocampus
102
4.)
amygdala
103
what are the functions of the diencephalon
processing integrating relaying information throughout the brain homeostatic functions regulation of movement biological rhythms
104
what are the three parts of the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
105
what is the function of the thalamus
80% of diencephalon receive afferent fibers from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal nuclei, limbic system, and sensory does not get sense of smell
106
what is the function of the hypothalamus
regulation of: autonomic nervous system sleep/wake cycle thirst and hunger body temperature
107
what is the function of the inferior hypothalamus
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that affect the pituitary gland: releasing hormones inhibiting hormones antidiuretic hormones oxytocin
108
what does the infundibulum do
connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
109
1.)
thalamus
110
2.)
epithalamus
111
3.)
hypothalamus
112
4.)
pituitary gland

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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