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Human Anatomy Lecture > Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the weight of a female and male brain post fixation

A

female: 1275 g
male: 1375 g

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2
Q

what are the four divisions of the brain

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

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3
Q

what are the three components of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and limbic system

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4
Q

what structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

nerve fibers called corpus callosum

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5
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

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6
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

higher mental functions including learning, memory, personality, thinking, language, and conscience
role in sensation and movement

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7
Q

what are sulci

A

shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum

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8
Q

what are gyri

A

elevated ridges found between sulci of cerebrum

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9
Q

what are the purpose of suci and gyri of the brain

A

increase surface area and maximize the limited space within the skull

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10
Q

what is a fissure

A

deep groove found on surface of cerebrum

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11
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

what is the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure or lateral sulcus)

A

deep groove separating frontal and occipital lobes from the temporal lobe

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13
Q

what is the central sulcus (rolandic sulcus)

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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14
Q

what is the precentral gyrus

A

portion of frontal lobe that is anterior to the central sulcus

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15
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

everything to do with motor
planning and executing movement
complex mental functions like behavior, conscience, and personality

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16
Q

what is the post central gyrus

A

portion of parietal lobe that is posterior to the central sulcus

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17
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

processes and integrates sensory information from the body
attention

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18
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

hearing
language
memory
emotions

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19
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

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20
Q

what is the calcarine fissure (calcarine sulcus)

A

separates the occipital lobe into an upper and lower bank

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21
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

process all information related to vision

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22
Q

1.)

A

lateral fissure

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23
Q

2.)

A

longitudinal fissure

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24
Q

3.)

A

corpus callosum

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25
Q

4.)

A

central sulcus

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26
Q

5.)

A

postcentral gyrus

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27
Q

6.)

A

precentral gyrus

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28
Q

7.)

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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29
Q

8.)

A

calcarine fissure (sulcus)

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30
Q

what are the three cerebral cortex types of gray matter

A

primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and association areas

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31
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex

A

planning and carrying out of conscious movements
cell bodies of upper motor neurons that go to skeletal muscles of the opposite side of the body

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32
Q

where is the primary motor cortex found

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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33
Q

what does a motor homunculus map signify

A

the important of vocalization and manual dexterity to human survival

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34
Q

which areas of the body receive more motor fibers and where on the cerebrum are these areas found

A

fingers, hands, throat and face

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35
Q

what are the 5 special senses

A

hearing
taste
touch
smell
vision

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36
Q

which lobe does not have all 5 special senses and why

A

frontal because it’s main purpose is motor

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37
Q

what are the functions of the somatosensory areas

A

areas in the cerebral cortex that deal with somatic senses

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38
Q

what are the 6 somatic senses

A

temperature
touch
vibration
pressure
stretch
joint position

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39
Q

where is the primary somatosensory area (S1) located

A

in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

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40
Q

where is the somatosensory association cortex (S2) located

A

posterior to the primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe

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41
Q

which areas of the body receive more sensory fibers and where on the cerebrum are these areas found

A

fingers, lips, tongue, and hands

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42
Q

what does a sensory homunculus map represent

A

importance of manual dexterity, facial expression, and speech to human existence

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43
Q

what is the function of the primary visual cortex

A

first area to receive visual input
transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement and depth

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44
Q

what is the function of the primary auditory complex

A

first to receive auditory information
transferred to auditory association cortex and other association areas for further processing

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45
Q

what is the function of the gustatory cortex

A

taste information processing

46
Q

what is the function of the vestibular areas

A

processes equilibrium and positional sense

47
Q

what is the function of the olfactory cortex

A

processes sense of smell

48
Q

what is the function of association areas

A

to preform complex mental functions

49
Q

what is the function of the Broca’s area

A

premotor area for speech sounds
ability to produce language

50
Q

what is the function of the Wernicke’s area

A

integrative speech area
ability to understand language

51
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex

A

communications with diencephalon, cerebral gray matter, and association areas
behavior, personality, learning, memory, and personality state
awareness of self

52
Q

what is the function of the parietal and temporal association areas

A

parietal: spacial awareness and attention
temporal: recognizing stimuli

53
Q

1.)

A

primary motor cortex

54
Q

2.)

A

primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

55
Q

3.)

A

somatosensory association cortex (S2)

56
Q

4.)

A

parietal association cortex

57
Q

5.)

A

primary visual cortex

58
Q

6.)

A

visual association area

59
Q

7.)

A

Wernicke’s area

60
Q

8.)

A

auditory association cortex

61
Q

9.)

A

primary auditory cortex

62
Q

10.)

A

temporal association complex

63
Q

11.)

A

Broca’s area

64
Q

12.)

A

prefrontal cortex

65
Q

define hemispheric lateralization

A

R/L cerebral hemispheres are specialized to attend to different information

66
Q

what are the left cerebral hemisphere’s functions

A

reasoning
numerical
scientific
use and understanding sign language
spoken and written language

67
Q

what are the right cerebral hemisphere’s functions

A

musical and artistic awareness
space and patter perception
recognition of faces and expressions
emotional content of language
mental images to compare spacial relationships
ID and discriminate odors

68
Q

define aphasia

A

inability to express and/or understand language
caused by left hemisphere damage

69
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia

A

speech that is not fluent

70
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia

A

speech that is fluent but does not make sense

71
Q

what is the basal nuclei (ganglia) of gray matter

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies

72
Q

what are the functions of the basal nuclei of gray matter

A

primarily for movement - especially in pathways
behavior
cognition
perception

73
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

separates basal nuclei from diencephalon

74
Q

what are the three types of basal nuclei

A

caudate nuclei
putamen
globus pallidus

75
Q

how do the basal ganglia influence direct pathways

A

increases motor function

76
Q

how do the basal ganglia influence indirect pathways

A

decrease motor function

77
Q

how do the basal ganglia influence nigrostriatal pathways

A

purely excitatory pathway - initiates movement

78
Q

what is the function of the substantia nigra

A

controls movement between direct and indirect pathways by producing dopamine

79
Q

how do direct pathways work

A

have dopamine receptors
dopamine is released from substantia nigra which binds to the dopamine receptors and increases movement

80
Q

how do indirect pathways work

A

have dopamine inhibitors
dopamine is released from substantia nigra which binds to the dopamine inhibitors and increases movement

81
Q

explain Parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra has dead neurons so it’s not producing dopamine
overactivity of indirect pathways which causes difficulty initiation movements

82
Q

explain Huntington’s disease

A

loss of striatum cells in indirect pathways which inactivates them
overactivity of direct pathways which causes unexpected movement

83
Q

what are the three types of white matter

A

commissural fibers
projection fibers
association fibers

84
Q

what is an example of commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum

85
Q

what is an example of projection fibers

A

internal capsule

86
Q

what is an example of association fibers

A

external capsule

87
Q

1.)

A

internal capsule

88
Q

2.)

A

caudate nucleus

89
Q

3.)

A

putamen

90
Q

4.)

A

globus pallidus

91
Q

5.)

A

projection fibers

92
Q

6.)

A

association fibers

93
Q

7.)

A

diencephalon

94
Q

8.)

A

corpus callosum

95
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the limbic system

A

limbic lobe
hippocampus
amygdala

96
Q

what is only found in mammalian brains

A

limbic system

97
Q

what is the function of the limbic system

A

amygdala: expression of emotions, especially fear
hippocampus: memory and learning

98
Q

explain Alzheimer’s disease

A

formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein in neurons)
starts out by targeting hippocampus and entorhinal cortex then spreads to the entire brain
brain shrinks

99
Q

1.)

A

caudate nucleus

100
Q

2.)

A

putamen and globus pallidus

101
Q

3.)

A

hippocampus

102
Q

4.)

A

amygdala

103
Q

what are the functions of the diencephalon

A

processing
integrating
relaying information throughout the brain
homeostatic functions
regulation of movement
biological rhythms

104
Q

what are the three parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

105
Q

what is the function of the thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon
receive afferent fibers from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal nuclei, limbic system, and sensory
does not get sense of smell

106
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulation of:
autonomic nervous system
sleep/wake cycle
thirst and hunger
body temperature

107
Q

what is the function of the inferior hypothalamus

A

secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that affect the pituitary gland:
releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
antidiuretic hormones
oxytocin

108
Q

what does the infundibulum do

A

connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

109
Q

1.)

A

thalamus

110
Q

2.)

A

epithalamus

111
Q

3.)

A

hypothalamus

112
Q

4.)

A

pituitary gland

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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