Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards
what is the weight of a female and male brain post fixation
female: 1275 g
male: 1375 g
what are the four divisions of the brain
cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem
what are the three components of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and limbic system
what structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
nerve fibers called corpus callosum
what are the four lobes of the cerebrum
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
what is the cerebrum responsible for
higher mental functions including learning, memory, personality, thinking, language, and conscience
role in sensation and movement
what are sulci
shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum
what are gyri
elevated ridges found between sulci of cerebrum
what are the purpose of suci and gyri of the brain
increase surface area and maximize the limited space within the skull
what is a fissure
deep groove found on surface of cerebrum
what is the longitudinal fissure
deep groove that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
what is the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure or lateral sulcus)
deep groove separating frontal and occipital lobes from the temporal lobe
what is the central sulcus (rolandic sulcus)
separates frontal and parietal lobes
what is the precentral gyrus
portion of frontal lobe that is anterior to the central sulcus
what is the function of the frontal lobe
everything to do with motor
planning and executing movement
complex mental functions like behavior, conscience, and personality
what is the post central gyrus
portion of parietal lobe that is posterior to the central sulcus
what is the function of the parietal lobe
processes and integrates sensory information from the body
attention
what is the function of the temporal lobe
hearing
language
memory
emotions
what is the parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
what is the calcarine fissure (calcarine sulcus)
separates the occipital lobe into an upper and lower bank
what is the function of the occipital lobe
process all information related to vision
1.)
lateral fissure
2.)
longitudinal fissure
3.)
corpus callosum
4.)
central sulcus
5.)
postcentral gyrus
6.)
precentral gyrus
7.)
parieto-occipital sulcus
8.)
calcarine fissure (sulcus)
what are the three cerebral cortex types of gray matter
primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and association areas
what is the function of the primary motor cortex
planning and carrying out of conscious movements
cell bodies of upper motor neurons that go to skeletal muscles of the opposite side of the body
where is the primary motor cortex found
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
what does a motor homunculus map signify
the important of vocalization and manual dexterity to human survival
which areas of the body receive more motor fibers and where on the cerebrum are these areas found
fingers, hands, throat and face
what are the 5 special senses
hearing
taste
touch
smell
vision
which lobe does not have all 5 special senses and why
frontal because it’s main purpose is motor
what are the functions of the somatosensory areas
areas in the cerebral cortex that deal with somatic senses
what are the 6 somatic senses
temperature
touch
vibration
pressure
stretch
joint position
where is the primary somatosensory area (S1) located
in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
where is the somatosensory association cortex (S2) located
posterior to the primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe
which areas of the body receive more sensory fibers and where on the cerebrum are these areas found
fingers, lips, tongue, and hands
what does a sensory homunculus map represent
importance of manual dexterity, facial expression, and speech to human existence
what is the function of the primary visual cortex
first area to receive visual input
transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement and depth
what is the function of the primary auditory complex
first to receive auditory information
transferred to auditory association cortex and other association areas for further processing
what is the function of the gustatory cortex
taste information processing
what is the function of the vestibular areas
processes equilibrium and positional sense
what is the function of the olfactory cortex
processes sense of smell
what is the function of association areas
to preform complex mental functions
what is the function of the Broca’s area
premotor area for speech sounds
ability to produce language
what is the function of the Wernicke’s area
integrative speech area
ability to understand language
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex
communications with diencephalon, cerebral gray matter, and association areas
behavior, personality, learning, memory, and personality state
awareness of self
what is the function of the parietal and temporal association areas
parietal: spacial awareness and attention
temporal: recognizing stimuli
1.)
primary motor cortex
2.)
primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
3.)
somatosensory association cortex (S2)
4.)
parietal association cortex
5.)
primary visual cortex
6.)
visual association area
7.)
Wernicke’s area
8.)
auditory association cortex
9.)
primary auditory cortex
10.)
temporal association complex
11.)
Broca’s area
12.)
prefrontal cortex
define hemispheric lateralization
R/L cerebral hemispheres are specialized to attend to different information
what are the left cerebral hemisphere’s functions
reasoning
numerical
scientific
use and understanding sign language
spoken and written language
what are the right cerebral hemisphere’s functions
musical and artistic awareness
space and patter perception
recognition of faces and expressions
emotional content of language
mental images to compare spacial relationships
ID and discriminate odors
define aphasia
inability to express and/or understand language
caused by left hemisphere damage
what is Broca’s aphasia
speech that is not fluent
what is wernicke’s aphasia
speech that is fluent but does not make sense
what is the basal nuclei (ganglia) of gray matter
cluster of neuronal cell bodies
what are the functions of the basal nuclei of gray matter
primarily for movement - especially in pathways
behavior
cognition
perception
what is the internal capsule
separates basal nuclei from diencephalon
what are the three types of basal nuclei
caudate nuclei
putamen
globus pallidus
how do the basal ganglia influence direct pathways
increases motor function
how do the basal ganglia influence indirect pathways
decrease motor function
how do the basal ganglia influence nigrostriatal pathways
purely excitatory pathway - initiates movement
what is the function of the substantia nigra
controls movement between direct and indirect pathways by producing dopamine
how do direct pathways work
have dopamine receptors
dopamine is released from substantia nigra which binds to the dopamine receptors and increases movement
how do indirect pathways work
have dopamine inhibitors
dopamine is released from substantia nigra which binds to the dopamine inhibitors and increases movement
explain Parkinson’s disease
substantia nigra has dead neurons so it’s not producing dopamine
overactivity of indirect pathways which causes difficulty initiation movements
explain Huntington’s disease
loss of striatum cells in indirect pathways which inactivates them
overactivity of direct pathways which causes unexpected movement
what are the three types of white matter
commissural fibers
projection fibers
association fibers
what is an example of commissural fibers
corpus callosum
what is an example of projection fibers
internal capsule
what is an example of association fibers
external capsule
1.)
internal capsule
2.)
caudate nucleus
3.)
putamen
4.)
globus pallidus
5.)
projection fibers
6.)
association fibers
7.)
diencephalon
8.)
corpus callosum
what are the 3 main parts of the limbic system
limbic lobe
hippocampus
amygdala
what is only found in mammalian brains
limbic system
what is the function of the limbic system
amygdala: expression of emotions, especially fear
hippocampus: memory and learning
explain Alzheimer’s disease
formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein in neurons)
starts out by targeting hippocampus and entorhinal cortex then spreads to the entire brain
brain shrinks
1.)
caudate nucleus
2.)
putamen and globus pallidus
3.)
hippocampus
4.)
amygdala
what are the functions of the diencephalon
processing
integrating
relaying information throughout the brain
homeostatic functions
regulation of movement
biological rhythms
what are the three parts of the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
what is the function of the thalamus
80% of diencephalon
receive afferent fibers from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal nuclei, limbic system, and sensory
does not get sense of smell
what is the function of the hypothalamus
regulation of:
autonomic nervous system
sleep/wake cycle
thirst and hunger
body temperature
what is the function of the inferior hypothalamus
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that affect the pituitary gland:
releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
antidiuretic hormones
oxytocin
what does the infundibulum do
connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
1.)
thalamus
2.)
epithalamus
3.)
hypothalamus
4.)
pituitary gland
