Lung & Lymphatic Flashcards
1.)
thoracic inlet
2.)
thoracic outlet
3.)
true ribs
4.)
false ribs
5.)
floating ribs
6.)
intercostal spaces
7.)
costal cartilage
8.)
costal arch
what is found in ribs and what is its purpose
hematopoietic tissue that can make red blood cells
which are your true ribs
1-7
which are your false ribs
8-10 (do not attach directly to sternum)
which are your floating ribs
11+12 (no cartilage)
what is the purpose of intercostal spaces and costal cartilage
to allow your ribcage flexibility when your breath
how do you name a rib space
the space is named for the rib it is below
ex. rib space 2 is below rib 2
which are your typical ribs
3-9
what is a demifacet and where are they found
shallow depressions on the vertebrae that articulate with the facets of the ribs
what is the purpose of the tubercle of a rib
has a facet that articulates with the transverse facet of the vertebrae
1.)
neck
2.)
head
3.)
superior articular facet
4.)
inferior articular facet
5.)
tubercle
6.)
articular facet of transverse process
7.)
angle of rib
8.)
costal groove
9.)
shaft
which are your atypical ribs
1st, 2nd, and 10th-12th
what are the atypical features of your 1st rib
broad, short, sharply curved, and single facet
what are the atypical features of your 2nd rib
thinner, less curved, longer than first rib, two facets, and a rough area
what is the atypical feature of ribs 10-12
one facet (only articulates with one vertebra)
what are the atypical features of ribs 11 and 12
short with no neck or tubercle
1.)
1st rib
2.)
2nd rib
3.)
11th rib
4.)
12th rib
what is gorilla rib
extra pair of floating ribs
what is thoracic outlet syndrome
when blood vessels and nerves are compressed between the clavicle and first rib
can be caused by trauma, pregnancy, or extra ribs
presents with pain, weakness, and coldness in fingers
explain separation of rib
separation costochondral junction (area where rib meets cartilage)
typically occurs between ribs 3-10
ribs move upward
explain dislocation of rib
dislocation of a costal cartilage from interchondral joints (where cartilage meets sternum)
typically occurs between ribs 8-10
occurs in body contact sports
which rib cartilages attach to the manubrium
1st rib and half of 2nd ribs cartilage
what rib cartilage attaches to the sternal angle
cartilage of 2nd rib
what rib cartilage attaches to the body of the sternum
cartilage of ribs 3-7
what attaches to the xiphoid process
abdominal muscles
1.)
suprasternal notch
2.)
manubrium
3.)
sternal angle (angle of Louis)
4.)
body of sternum
5.)
xiphoid process
6.)
clavicular notch
what is pectus excavatum
breastbone is sunken into chest due to halves of sternum not fusing properly
can be corrected if done early enough
what is pectus carinatum
breastbone projects because halves of sternum don’t fuse properly
can be correct if done early enough
what nerve innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
what do you use for inspiration
diaphragm (phrenic nerve), external intercostals, and right and left crura
what muscles do we used for forceful expiration
internal intercostals
rectus abdominis
external obliques
internal obliques
1.)
right and left crura
3.)
external intercostals (more lateral; fibers run towards sternum)
2.)
internal intercostals (more medial; fibers run from sternum)
1.)
internal obliques
2.)
external obliques
3.)
rectus abdominis
what is the arterial flow for the posterior intercostal arteries
ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, posterior intercostal arteries
what is the posterior intercostal venous flow for rib 1
posterior intercostal vein, brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava
what is the posterior intercostal venous flow for the right ribs 2,3, and sometimes 4
posterior intercostal vein, superior intercostal vein, azygos vein, and superior vena cava
what is the posterior intercostal venous flow for the left ribs 2,3, and sometimes 4
posterior intercostal vein, superior intercostal vein, brachiocephalic vein, and superior vena cava
what is the posterior intercostal venous flow for the right ribs 5-11 and sometimes 4
posterior intercostal vein, azygos vein, and superior vena cava
what is the posterior intercostal venous flow for the left ribs 5-8 and sometimes 4
posterior intercostal vein, accessory hemi-azygos vein, azygos vein, and superior vena cava
what is the posterior intercostal venous flow for the left ribs 9-11
posterior intercostal vein, hemi-azygos vein, azygos vein, and superior vena cava
what is the arterial flow for the anterior intercostal arteries
ascending aorta, right brachiocephalic artery, subclavian artery, internal thoracic artery, and anterior intercostal artery
what is the venous flow for the anterior intercostal veins
anterior intercostal vein, internal thoracic vein, brachiocephlic vein, and superior vena cava
how do neuromuscular bundles run across ribs
they run underneath veins along the costal groove
vein is closest to rib, then artery, and finally nerve (up and down)
what is the artery and vein that supplies the lung tissue
bronchial arteries: stem from descending thoracic aorta and posterior intercostal arteries
bronchial veins: left stems from SVC and drains into azygos; right stems and drains into accessory hemi-zygos
what are some features of the bronchial artery
comes from the thoracic aorta
carries oxygenated blood
high pressure to help keep bronchi alive
what are some features of the bronchial vein
right vein drains into azygos vein
left vein drains into accessory hemi-azygos vein
what is the pulmonary circuit for
vessels for gas exchange which happens in the lungs
what do pulmonary arteries do
low pressure and resistance arteries that carry deoxygenated blood
what do pulmonary veins do
carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium
1.)
superior posterior intercostal artery
2.)
posterior intercostal vein
3.)
brachiocephalic vien
4.)
azygos vein
5.)
superior vena cava
6.)
accessory hemi-azygos vein
7.)
hemi-azygos vein
8.)
internal thoracic artery
9.)
anterior intercostal artery
10.)
posterior intercostal artery
11.)
anterior intercostal artery
12.)
internal thoracic artery
13.)
bronchial veins
14.)
bronchial arteries
1.)
superior intercostal vein
2.)
azygos vein
3.)
accessory hemi-azygos vein
4.)
hemi-azygos vein
what is a pulmonary embolus
obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot
causes respiratory distress and can cause death
in what layer of skin are the mammary glands
hypodermis
what do suspensory ligaments do
attach mammary glands to dermis of skin and deep fascia
what is the space behind the mammary glands
retromammary space
what do lactiferous ducts do
open into the nipple
give rise to buds that develop into lobes
what is the lactiferous sinus
dilation portion deep to areola where milk accumulates during nursing
what are the cells of the mammary alveoli and what do they do
myoepithelial cells
propel milk towards nipple
what is the pathway of milk - deep to superficial
alveoli, mammary ducts, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus, and nipple
1.)
suspensory ligaments
2.)
lactiferous ducts
3.)
lactiferous sinus
4.)
lobe
what is not present in the breast of a non-lactating woman
alveoli or lobes
where does lymph drain within the breast
subareolar lymphatic plexus
what drains the lymph of the superior lateral quadrant and center of breast
axillary nodes
what drains the lymph of the medial breast quadrant
parasternal node (internal mammary node)
what drains the lymph of the inferior breast quadrant
abdominal nodes (umbilical nodes)
what is the medial artery flow of the breast
medial mammary artery, internal thoracic artery, and subclavian artery
what is the lateral artery flow of the breast
lateral mammary branches, lateral cutaneous mammary branches, posterior intercostal artery, and thoracic artery
or
lateral mammary arteries, lateral thoracic artery, and axillary artery
what is the lateral vein flow of the breast
laterally mammary vein, lateral thoracic vein, and axillary vein
1.)
internal thoracic vein
2.)
lateral thoracic vein
3.)
lateral thoracic artery
4.)
anterior intercostal artery
5.)
internal thoracic artery
6.)
perforating branch
7.)
internal thoracic artery
what is considered your upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity to larynx
what is considered your lower respiratory tract
trachea to alveoli
what is the conducting zone and what does it do
everything that doesn’t include gas exchange - nose to terminal bronchioles
breathing in air where it will be filtered, warmed, and moistened
what is the respiratory zone and what does it do
where gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
trachea
found below larynx to mediastinum
has C-shaped cartilage
carina at the end where it splits into bronchioles
what is the path of air once it reaches the carina of the trachea
primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, conducting bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacks of alveoli
what is the difference between the left and right primary bronchus
right: wider, shorter, and straighter
left: narrow, longer, more horizontal, and passes under aortic arch
how many secondary branches do you have on each side of the bronchial trees
right: 3
left: 2
features of the bronchioles
very small
no cartilage but lots of smooth muscles
what is aspiration pneumonitis (mendelson’s syndrome)
chemical injury from inhaling sterile gastric contents
can happen during pregnancy and surgery
what is aspiration pneumonia
infection from inhaling something from your nose or mouth
ex. food or liquids
1.)
bronchial artery
2.)
pulmonary artery
3.)
pulmonary vein
5.)
primary bronchus
6.)
pulmonary ligament
what is a lobar bronchus
another word for secondary bronchus
supplies lobe of lung
what is the average weight of a lung
400 grams
what is a segmental bronchi
another word for tertiary bronchi
1.)
apical
2.)
posterior
3.)
anterior
4.)
lateral
5.)
medial
6.)
superior lingular (left lung)
7.)
inferior lingular (left lung)
8.)
superior
9.)
anterior basal
10.)
medial basal
11.)
lateral basal
12.)
posterior basal
what makes up a functional unit of a bronchopulmonary segment
pulmonary artery and vein, bronchial artery, and bronchiole
what is a tension pneumothorax
when air accumulates between the two pleural layers of the lung
causes the lung to collapse
needle inserted into 2nd intercostal space in the midlclavicular line
what are parts of a lymph node
capsule
outer cortex
inner medulla
lots of reticular fibers
immune cells like macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
where does lymph flow into lymph node
afferent lymphatic vessels
where does lymph flow from lymph node
efferent lymphatic vessels
what is the flow of lymphatic drainage of respiratory system
intrapulmonary, hilar, carinal, superior tracheobroncial, paratracheal
what is lymphedema
accumulation of excess interstitial fluid in interstitial space
can be causes by parasites or tumors
how much does the thymus weigh
14-25 grams
primary functions of thymus
generates population of functional T cells that protects body from pathogens
secretes hormones
what is a sliding hiatal hernia
cardia and fundus of stomach slide through diaphragm
what is a paraesophageal hiatal hernia
pouch of fundus comes through diaphragm
what is GERD
acid from stomach goes into esophagus chronically
can cause esophageal cancer if left untreated for a long time
can be caused by things like obesity and hiatal hernias
what is Barret’s esophagus
can lead to cancer
area can change from white to red/pink
what are esophageal varices
swollen veins of the esophagus that can rupture and cause an upper GI bleed
can be caused by portal hypertension
