Neck Flashcards
what are the superior and inferior boarders of what is considered the neck
superior: mandible
inferior: clavicles/suprasternal notch
what passes through the transverse foramen of C7
vertebral vein (not artery)
what is another name for the C7 vertebra
vertebra prominens
at what level will you find the hyoid bone
C3
what structures suspend the hyoid bone
styloid process, larynx, sternum, and mandible
what are the 2 main functions of the hyoid bone
swallowing and speech
1.)
greater horn
2.)
lesser horn
3.)
body of hyoid bone
explain the features of a fracture of the hyoid bone
caused by manual strangulation (ligature)
causes fracture of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone, strap muscle hemorrhage, bruising of larynx muscles, and petechial hemorrhages in eyes
prevents swallowing and can cause aspiration pneumonia
what is the tubercle on the clavicle
conoid tubercle
what is the platysma and where is it found
“shaving muscle” found in the anterolateral neck
paralysis of which muscle can cause sagging of the neck
platysma
what is the deep cervical fascia
fascia layer beneath the superficial fascia or hypodermis of neck
contains the carotid sheath
what are the four main components of the carotid sheath
common carotid arteries
internal carotid arteries
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
1.)
sternocleidomastoid region (A)
triangles E, B, 2 and 3
posterior cervical region
triangles 4,5,6, and 7
anterior cervical region
9.)
submandibular triangle
10.)
submental triangle
11.)
carotid triangle
12.)
muscular triangle
what are the four boarders of the anterior triangle (anterior cervical region)
base of mandible, ventral midline, sternocleidomastoid, and investing and pre-tracheal fascia
which triangle, anterior or posterior, would be used in a surgical approach for the larynx, trachea, thyroid, and carotid arteries
anterior triangle
what are the three boarders of the posterior triangle (lateral cervical region)
sternocleidomastoid, middle 3rd of clavicle, and anterior margin of trapezius
which triangle, anterior or posterior, would be used to access vasculature and be home to the subclavian artery pressure point
posterior triangle
what is the purpose of the thyroid gland
to secrete thyroid hormone and calcitonin
what does thyroid hormone do
regulate growth and metabolism
what does calcitonin do
lowers calcium levels if they get too high
how much does a thyroid gland weigh in female and male adults
female: 14 grams
male: 25 grams
how is the thyroid divided
into upper, middle, and lower poles
when does the thyroid gland enlarge in females
during menstruation and pregnancy
what do parathyroid glands do
causes its chief cells to secrete parathyroid hormone
what does parathyroid hormone do
causes more calcium secretion if levels get too low
what is the net weight of the 3-5 parathyroid glands on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
125 milligrams
explain the features of a pyramidal lobe
lobe found in 50% of thyroid glands
forms when the thyroglossal duct does not regress after 8-10 weeks in utero
4 muscles that move the head and neck
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, trapezius, and splenius capitis
4 muscles that push food to the back of the oral cavity
suprahyoid muscles: digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid
how do the suprahyoid muscles push food to the back of the oral cavity
elevate hyoid bone and raise the tongue and floor of mouth
1.)
mylohyoid
2.)
digastric
3.)
stylohyoid
4.
geniohyoid
4 muscles that push food into the esophagus
infrahyoid (strap) muscles: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and omohyoid
how do the infrahyoid (strap) muscles push food into the esophagus
depress hyoid and pharynx
1.)
sternohyoid
2.)
sternothyroid
3.)
thyrohyoid
4.)
omohyoid
what are some features of the omohyoid muscle
has a superior and inferior belly with intermediate tendon
attaches to scapula and hyoid bone
where does arterial supply to head and neck come from
comes mainly from right and left common carotid arteries but also form subclavian arteries
what do your common carotid arteries split into at C4
internal and external carotid arteries
what does the external carotid artery supply
supplies superficial structures of head and face
what does the internal carotid artery supply
supplies brain
where is plaque most likely to build up in vasculature
at bifurcations
what is the carotid sinus and what does it do
dilation at base of internal carotid artery
baroreceptor that detects change in systemic blood pressure
what does the superior thyroid artery supply
thyroid gland and anterior neck structures
what does the lingual artery supply
tongue
what does the facial artery supply
face
what does the occipital artery supply
posterior scalp
what terminal branches does the external carotid artery split into
maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery
what does the maxillary artery supply
deeper structures of the face like teeth, gums and nasal cavity
what does the superficial temporal artery supply
lateral side of head, most of scalp, and parotid salivary gland in lateral cheeck
1.)
superior temporal artery
2.)
maxillary artery
3.)
occipital artery
4.)
facial artery
5.)
lingual artery
6.)
external carotid artery
7.)
internal carotid artery
8.)
superior thyroid artery
9.)
common carotid artery
11.) (near jaw)
ascending pharyngeal artery
11.) (on skull)
posterior auricular artery
where do the vertebral arteries branch from
subclavian arteries
what do the vertebral arteries supply
the brain and spinal cord via the anterior and posterior spinal arteries
1.)
basilar artery
2.)
circle of willis
what do the inferior thyroid arteries supply
posterior aspect of thyroid
where do the inferior thyroid arteries branch from
thyrocervical trunk
where does the thyrocervical trunk branch from
subclavian arteries
what drains into the brachiocephalic veins
most veins superior to diaphragm
what are the three main veins that drain the head and neck
internal jugular
vertebral veins
external jugular vein
what does the external jugular vein drain
scalp, face, and neck
what vein runs anterior and superior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
external jugular vein
what three veins drain into the internal and external jugular veins
superficial temporal, facial, and maxillary veins
1.)
vertebral vein
2.)
external jugular vein
3.)
internal jugular vein
4.)
right subclavian vein
5.)
superficial temporal vein
6.)
maxillary vein
7.)
facial vein
explain features of external jugular vein distension
visible bulging of the external jugular veins
can be caused by anything that causes compression
compression leads to back up which causes bulging
which veins serve as an internal barometer to assess central venous pressure
internal and external jugular veins
what are the three functions of the larynx starting with most important
protection, respiratory, and phonation (sound)
what are some features of the thyroid cartilage
unpaired shield like piece of cartilage forming the anterior and superior walls of the larynx
connected to the hyoid bone and to cricoid cartilage by fibrous membrane
called an Adam’s apple when it protrudes anteriorly
what are some features of the epiglottis
unpaired piece of cartilage on the backside of the thyroid cartilage
only base is attached and is attached to thyroid cartilage
what are some features of the glottis
opening formed by the free edge of the epiglottis
keeps food from entering lungs
what are some features of cricoid cartilage
unpaired section of cartilage found inferior to the thyroid cartilage
connected to thyroid by cricothyroid ligament
where in the neck would you place a tube to provide an emergency airway
through the cricothyroid ligament
what are the three paired cartilages of the larynx
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
what is the function of the arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
sound production
what is the function of the cuneiform cartilage
found in the lateral walls of larynx to support epiglottis when it’s closing
what are some features of the vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
extend from arytenoid to thyroid cartilages
close off glottis during swallowing
does not play a role in sound production
what are some features of the vocal folds (true vocal cords)
inferior to vestibular folds
attached to arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
vibrate to produce sound when air passes over them
what are the laryngeal ventricles
lateral recesses between folds
what is the rima glottidis
opening between vocal folds
what is the glottis
opening between vocal fold and vocal process
what is the aryepiglottic fold
mucous membrane that directs food away from our lungs by adding stiffness to the fold
what is the piriform fossa
small depression of laryngopharyngeal cavity where a foreign body can lodge
laryngeal nerves lie deep to this area
1.)
thyroid cartilage
2.)
cricothyroid ligament
3.)
cricoid cartilage
1.)
cuneiform cartilage
2.)
corniculate cartilage
3.)
arytenoid cartilage
1.)
epiglottis
2.)
aryepiglottic fold
3.)
vestibular fold
4.)
vocal fold
