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Human Anatomy Lecture > Abdomen 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the complete length of the small intestine

A

600 cm (20 ft)

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2
Q

what are the three portions of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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3
Q

what are the three types of folds in the small intestine and what is their overall function

A

circular folds
villi
microvill
increase surface area for absorption

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4
Q

what are some features of the circular folds (valves of kerkring or plicae circulares) and what is their function

A

largest
made of mucosa and submucosa
slows down transit of chyme to give enterocytes more time to absorb nutrients

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5
Q

what are some features of the villi

A

folds of the mucosa
have enterocytes and some goblet cells
has blood vessels, lymphatic vessels (lacteals), and nerves
intestinal crypts found between villi which house enteroendocrine glands

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6
Q

what do lacteals do

A

lymphatic vessel that digests fats

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7
Q

what are microvilli

A

projections from the plasma membrane of enterocytes (gives them brush border appearence)

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8
Q

what do enterocytes do

A

produce and secrete digestive enzymes that break down disaccharides and peptides

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9
Q

what is the 1st part of the duodenum called and what are some of its features

A

superior
contains few villi but many plicae circularis (circular folds)
only part within the peritoneum

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10
Q

what is the 2nd part of the duodenum called and what is its function

A

descending
release secretions from gallbladder and pancreas via major and minor duodenal papilla

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11
Q

what is the 3rd part of the duodenum called

A

horizontal (inferior)

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12
Q

what is the 4th part of the duodenum called

A

ascending

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the ligament of treitz (suspensory ligament)

A

suspends the junction of the 4th part of the duodenum and jejunum

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14
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

25 cm (10 in)

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15
Q

which glands does the duodenum have and what is their function

A

submucosa contains duodenal (Brunner’s) glands
produce alkaline mucus to protect duodenum from acidic chyme

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16
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

2.5 m (7.5 feet)

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17
Q

what are some features of the jejunum

A

found in peritoneal cavity
most active site for chemical digestion and abdorption

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18
Q

how long is the ileum

A

3.6 m (10.8 ft)

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the ileocecal valve

A

sphincter that controls movement of materials from ileum to cecum
prevents backflow from the large intestine into the small intestine

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20
Q

what are the main differences between the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum: longer mesenteric vasa recta, a few large arcade loops, more circular folds
ileum: shorted mesenteric vasa recta, many loops of arcades, has peyer’s patches, less circular folds

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21
Q

what is meckel’s diverticulum (ileal diverticulum)

A

rare congenital anomaly
finger-like pouch coming off near the ileocecal junction
remnant of the omphaloenteric duct
produces appendicitis like symptoms

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22
Q

how long is the large intestine

A

160 cm (5 ft)

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23
Q

what is the main role of the large intestine

A

water absorption

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24
Q

what are the four main processes that occur in the large intestine

A

1.) secretion of mucus
2.) absorption (water and electrolytes)
3.) propulsion
4.) defecation

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25
what are the 5 segments of the large intestine
cecum appendix colon rectum anal canal
26
how long is the cecum
7.5 cm
27
what is the ileal orifice
opening to ileocecal valve **lips in living patient ileal papilla in cadaver**
28
how is the ileocecal valve innervated
tonic contractions
29
where is the cecum found
within the iliac fossa and intraperitoneal cavity
30
what is the role of the appendix
houses multiple lymphatic nodules **plays a role in the immune system**
31
how long is the appendix
6-10 cm
32
where is the appendix most commonly found (64%)?
retrocecal
33
where is the hepatic flexture (right colic flexture) located
deep to 9th and 10th ribs
34
at which vertebral level would you typically find your transverse colon
L3 **may be lower for tall, thin people**
35
where does the descending colon end
iliac fossa
36
where does the sigmoid colon run
from the iliac fossa to S3
37
what are the typical causes of appendicitis in old vs young people
young: hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles old: fecalith obstruction
38
where would you have pain with appendicitis
right lower quadrent
39
what is diverticular disease
**small, mucosal hernias of the colon** ususally in the sigmoid can lead to an abscess then perforation caused by a high fat, low fiber diet
40
where is the rectosigmoid junction
anterior to S3
41
what do the 3 rectal valves do
allow you to pass gas without pooping yourself
42
how long is the anal canal
2.5-3.5 cm
43
what are anal columns (columns of morgangi)
longitudinal ridges surrounded by superior rectal artery and vein
44
what is the anal valve
inferior end of anal columns
45
what are the anal sinuses and what do they do
small recesses that **secrete mucus**
46
what does the dentate (pectinate) line do
separate superior from inferior part of anal canal
47
what are some features of the internal anal sphincter
involuntary 2/3rds thickened, circular smooth muscle layer supplied by parasympathetic neurons
48
what are some features of the external anal sphincter
voluntary inferior 1/3rd skeletal muscle supplied by somatic motor neurons (controlled by cerebral cortex)
49
what are some features of hemorrhoids
internal: prolapse of rectal mucosa with dilated veins causes bright red bleeding (venous and arterial blood) external: blood clots in external rectal plexus
50
what is hirschsprung's disease
**neurons of mysenteric and submucosal plexuses don't develop** no peristalsis, cannot pass stool
51
what are haustra
saccular expansions of the large intestine (don't have longitudinal muscle fibers)
52
what are semilunar folds
inner folds of the haustra
53
what are teniae coli
3 separate longitudinal muscle layers found in the large intestine
54
what are epiplotic appendages (omental appendices)
fatty, omentum like projections hanging off outer wall of large intestine
55
where is colon cancer most typically found
ascending colon: women and older patients rectosigmoid colon: men and younger patients
56
what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas do
secrete enzymes
57
what do the endocrine (islets of langerhans, pancreatic islets) of the pancreas do
secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon
58
what's the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland
exocrine: secretion does not going into blood endocrine: secretion goes into blood
59
where does the pancreas run
from duodenum to splenic hilus
60
which artery and vein run posteriorly to the neck of the pancreas
superior mesenteric artery and vein
61
what is the unicate process
hooked portion of the pancreas
62
what is the pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung) and what is its function
travels down middle of pancreas **receives secretions from acinar cells**
63
how much does the pancreas weigh
100 g
64
how long is the pancreas
6-7 in
65
what is the flow of secretions from acinar cells
acinar cell, acinar duct, main pancreatic duct or accessory pancreatic duct (duct of santorini)
66
what does the hepatopancreatic sphincter do
muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices through the ampulla of vater
67
what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)
where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct come together where secretions from the pancreas enter the duodenum
68
what are the major duodenal papilla
where the hepatopancreatic ampulla enters the duodenum
69
which layer do the pancreatic and bile ducts open into the duodenum
longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa
70
why is the liver hard to infarct
it receives blood from two sources: hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
71
what are the functions of the liver
make proteins, secrete bile, detoxify drugs, and store glycogen
72
what does the liver weigh
1650 g
73
where is the quadrate liver lobe located
on the posterior side near the gallbladder
74
where is the caudate liver lobe located
on the posterior side near the IVC
75
what is the glisson's capsule
covering over most of the liver
76
where is the bare area of the liver
inside the coronary and triangular ligaments
77
what is the porta hepatis and what is its function
indentation found on liver's posterior side **has nerves, lymphatic vessels, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common hepatic duct**
78
which vessel supplies 75% of the liver and which supplies 25%
hepatic portal vein: 75% hepatic artery: 25%
79
what is the flow of bile from the cells that make it to its storage site
hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, R/L hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder
80
what are the two main functions of the gallbladder
store and concentrates bile
81
what stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and what happens after
cholecystokinin (CCK) **triggers contraction of smooth muscle in wall of gallbladder**
82
what is the flow of bile once the gallbladder contracts
cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, hepatopancreatic sphincter, major duodenal papilla, duodenum
83
what are gallstones made of
calcium salts and cholesterol
84
what is cholelithiasis
condition of having gallstones
85
what is cholecystitis
inflammed gallbladder usually due to gallstones
86
what are the valves of heister (spiral fold) and what is their function
mucosa spirals in the neck of the gallbladder **help keep the cystic duct open**
87
what is the choledochal sphincter (sphincter of the bile duct)
controls flow of bile into pancreatic duct if closed, gallbladder will fill
88
what is the spleen made of
composed of a network of reticular fibers made by reticular fibers
89
how much does a spleen weigh
155 g
90
what are the main functions of the spleen
filters bacteria destroys and removes red blood cells and broken-down platelets serves as a blood reservior
91
what is the lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament
connects the kidneys to the spleen
92
what is the gastrosplenic ligament
connects the stomach to the spleen
93
what two types of hormones do the adrenal glands produce
steroid and catecholamine hormones
94
what types of steroid hormones do the adrenal glands produce
aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones
95
what types of catecholamine hormones do the adrenal glands produce
epinephrine and norepinephrine
96
how much does one adrenal gland weigh
8-9 grams
97
what type of gland is the outer adrenal cortex
endocrine gland
98
what type of organ is the inner adrenal medulla and what is its function
neuroendocrine organ that recieves neurons to communicate **secretes neurohormones**
99
what are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
100
what are some features of the zona glomerulosa and what is its function
outer layer of densely packed cells **produce mineralcorticoid hormones like aldosterone**
101
what are some features of the zona fasciculata and what is its function
middle layer of stacked cells in columns **secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol**
102
what are some features of the zona reticularis and what is its function
inner thin layer of loosely arranged clusters of cells **secrete glucocorticoids like androgens**
103
what does the adrenal medulla secrete
catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine come from chromaffin cells

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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