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Human Anatomy Lecture > Abdomen 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the complete length of the small intestine

A

600 cm (20 ft)

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2
Q

what are the three portions of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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3
Q

what are the three types of folds in the small intestine and what is their overall function

A

circular folds
villi
microvill
increase surface area for absorption

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4
Q

what are some features of the circular folds (valves of kerkring or plicae circulares) and what is their function

A

largest
made of mucosa and submucosa
slows down transit of chyme to give enterocytes more time to absorb nutrients

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5
Q

what are some features of the villi

A

folds of the mucosa
have enterocytes and some goblet cells
has blood vessels, lymphatic vessels (lacteals), and nerves
intestinal crypts found between villi which house enteroendocrine glands

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6
Q

what do lacteals do

A

lymphatic vessel that digests fats

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7
Q

what are microvilli

A

projections from the plasma membrane of enterocytes (gives them brush border appearence)

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8
Q

what do enterocytes do

A

produce and secrete digestive enzymes that break down disaccharides and peptides

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9
Q

what is the 1st part of the duodenum called and what are some of its features

A

superior
contains few villi but many plicae circularis (circular folds)
only part within the peritoneum

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10
Q

what is the 2nd part of the duodenum called and what is its function

A

descending
release secretions from gallbladder and pancreas via major and minor duodenal papilla

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11
Q

what is the 3rd part of the duodenum called

A

horizontal (inferior)

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12
Q

what is the 4th part of the duodenum called

A

ascending

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the ligament of treitz (suspensory ligament)

A

suspends the junction of the 4th part of the duodenum and jejunum

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14
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

25 cm (10 in)

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15
Q

which glands does the duodenum have and what is their function

A

submucosa contains duodenal (Brunner’s) glands
produce alkaline mucus to protect duodenum from acidic chyme

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16
Q

how long is the jejunum

A

2.5 m (7.5 feet)

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17
Q

what are some features of the jejunum

A

found in peritoneal cavity
most active site for chemical digestion and abdorption

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18
Q

how long is the ileum

A

3.6 m (10.8 ft)

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the ileocecal valve

A

sphincter that controls movement of materials from ileum to cecum
prevents backflow from the large intestine into the small intestine

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20
Q

what are the main differences between the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum: longer mesenteric vasa recta, a few large arcade loops, more circular folds
ileum: shorted mesenteric vasa recta, many loops of arcades, has peyer’s patches, less circular folds

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21
Q

what is meckel’s diverticulum (ileal diverticulum)

A

rare congenital anomaly
finger-like pouch coming off near the ileocecal junction
remnant of the omphaloenteric duct
produces appendicitis like symptoms

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22
Q

how long is the large intestine

A

160 cm (5 ft)

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23
Q

what is the main role of the large intestine

A

water absorption

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24
Q

what are the four main processes that occur in the large intestine

A

1.) secretion of mucus
2.) absorption (water and electrolytes)
3.) propulsion
4.) defecation

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25
Q

what are the 5 segments of the large intestine

A

cecum
appendix
colon
rectum
anal canal

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26
Q

how long is the cecum

A

7.5 cm

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27
Q

what is the ileal orifice

A

opening to ileocecal valve
lips in living patient
ileal papilla in cadaver

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28
Q

how is the ileocecal valve innervated

A

tonic contractions

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29
Q

where is the cecum found

A

within the iliac fossa and intraperitoneal cavity

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30
Q

what is the role of the appendix

A

houses multiple lymphatic nodules
plays a role in the immune system

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31
Q

how long is the appendix

A

6-10 cm

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32
Q

where is the appendix most commonly found (64%)?

A

retrocecal

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33
Q

where is the hepatic flexture (right colic flexture) located

A

deep to 9th and 10th ribs

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34
Q

at which vertebral level would you typically find your transverse colon

A

L3
may be lower for tall, thin people

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35
Q

where does the descending colon end

A

iliac fossa

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36
Q

where does the sigmoid colon run

A

from the iliac fossa to S3

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37
Q

what are the typical causes of appendicitis in old vs young people

A

young: hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles
old: fecalith obstruction

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38
Q

where would you have pain with appendicitis

A

right lower quadrent

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39
Q

what is diverticular disease

A

small, mucosal hernias of the colon
ususally in the sigmoid
can lead to an abscess then perforation
caused by a high fat, low fiber diet

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40
Q

where is the rectosigmoid junction

A

anterior to S3

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41
Q

what do the 3 rectal valves do

A

allow you to pass gas without pooping yourself

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42
Q

how long is the anal canal

A

2.5-3.5 cm

43
Q

what are anal columns (columns of morgangi)

A

longitudinal ridges
surrounded by superior rectal artery and vein

44
Q

what is the anal valve

A

inferior end of anal columns

45
Q

what are the anal sinuses and what do they do

A

small recesses that secrete mucus

46
Q

what does the dentate (pectinate) line do

A

separate superior from inferior part of anal canal

47
Q

what are some features of the internal anal sphincter

A

involuntary 2/3rds
thickened, circular smooth muscle layer
supplied by parasympathetic neurons

48
Q

what are some features of the external anal sphincter

A

voluntary inferior 1/3rd
skeletal muscle
supplied by somatic motor neurons (controlled by cerebral cortex)

49
Q

what are some features of hemorrhoids

A

internal: prolapse of rectal mucosa with dilated veins
causes bright red bleeding (venous and arterial blood)
external: blood clots in external rectal plexus

50
Q

what is hirschsprung’s disease

A

neurons of mysenteric and submucosal plexuses don’t develop
no peristalsis, cannot pass stool

51
Q

what are haustra

A

saccular expansions of the large intestine (don’t have longitudinal muscle fibers)

52
Q

what are semilunar folds

A

inner folds of the haustra

53
Q

what are teniae coli

A

3 separate longitudinal muscle layers found in the large intestine

54
Q

what are epiplotic appendages (omental appendices)

A

fatty, omentum like projections hanging off outer wall of large intestine

55
Q

where is colon cancer most typically found

A

ascending colon: women and older patients
rectosigmoid colon: men and younger patients

56
Q

what do the exocrine glands of the pancreas do

A

secrete enzymes

57
Q

what do the endocrine (islets of langerhans, pancreatic islets) of the pancreas do

A

secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon

58
Q

what’s the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland

A

exocrine: secretion does not going into blood
endocrine: secretion goes into blood

59
Q

where does the pancreas run

A

from duodenum to splenic hilus

60
Q

which artery and vein run posteriorly to the neck of the pancreas

A

superior mesenteric artery and vein

61
Q

what is the unicate process

A

hooked portion of the pancreas

62
Q

what is the pancreatic duct (duct of wirsung) and what is its function

A

travels down middle of pancreas
receives secretions from acinar cells

63
Q

how much does the pancreas weigh

A

100 g

64
Q

how long is the pancreas

A

6-7 in

65
Q

what is the flow of secretions from acinar cells

A

acinar cell, acinar duct, main pancreatic duct or accessory pancreatic duct (duct of santorini)

66
Q

what does the hepatopancreatic sphincter do

A

muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices through the ampulla of vater

67
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)

A

where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct come together
where secretions from the pancreas enter the duodenum

68
Q

what are the major duodenal papilla

A

where the hepatopancreatic ampulla enters the duodenum

69
Q

which layer do the pancreatic and bile ducts open into the duodenum

A

longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

70
Q

why is the liver hard to infarct

A

it receives blood from two sources: hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

71
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A

make proteins, secrete bile, detoxify drugs, and store glycogen

72
Q

what does the liver weigh

A

1650 g

73
Q

where is the quadrate liver lobe located

A

on the posterior side near the gallbladder

74
Q

where is the caudate liver lobe located

A

on the posterior side near the IVC

75
Q

what is the glisson’s capsule

A

covering over most of the liver

76
Q

where is the bare area of the liver

A

inside the coronary and triangular ligaments

77
Q

what is the porta hepatis and what is its function

A

indentation found on liver’s posterior side
has nerves, lymphatic vessels, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common hepatic duct

78
Q

which vessel supplies 75% of the liver and which supplies 25%

A

hepatic portal vein: 75%
hepatic artery: 25%

79
Q

what is the flow of bile from the cells that make it to its storage site

A

hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, R/L hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder

80
Q

what are the two main functions of the gallbladder

A

store and concentrates bile

81
Q

what stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and what happens after

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)
triggers contraction of smooth muscle in wall of gallbladder

82
Q

what is the flow of bile once the gallbladder contracts

A

cystic duct, common bile duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla, hepatopancreatic sphincter, major duodenal papilla, duodenum

83
Q

what are gallstones made of

A

calcium salts and cholesterol

84
Q

what is cholelithiasis

A

condition of having gallstones

85
Q

what is cholecystitis

A

inflammed gallbladder usually due to gallstones

86
Q

what are the valves of heister (spiral fold) and what is their function

A

mucosa spirals in the neck of the gallbladder
help keep the cystic duct open

87
Q

what is the choledochal sphincter (sphincter of the bile duct)

A

controls flow of bile into pancreatic duct
if closed, gallbladder will fill

88
Q

what is the spleen made of

A

composed of a network of reticular fibers made by reticular fibers

89
Q

how much does a spleen weigh

A

155 g

90
Q

what are the main functions of the spleen

A

filters bacteria
destroys and removes red blood cells and broken-down platelets
serves as a blood reservior

91
Q

what is the lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament

A

connects the kidneys to the spleen

92
Q

what is the gastrosplenic ligament

A

connects the stomach to the spleen

93
Q

what two types of hormones do the adrenal glands produce

A

steroid and catecholamine hormones

94
Q

what types of steroid hormones do the adrenal glands produce

A

aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones

95
Q

what types of catecholamine hormones do the adrenal glands produce

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

96
Q

how much does one adrenal gland weigh

A

8-9 grams

97
Q

what type of gland is the outer adrenal cortex

A

endocrine gland

98
Q

what type of organ is the inner adrenal medulla and what is its function

A

neuroendocrine organ that recieves neurons to communicate
secretes neurohormones

99
Q

what are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

100
Q

what are some features of the zona glomerulosa and what is its function

A

outer layer of densely packed cells
produce mineralcorticoid hormones like aldosterone

101
Q

what are some features of the zona fasciculata and what is its function

A

middle layer of stacked cells in columns
secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol

102
Q

what are some features of the zona reticularis and what is its function

A

inner thin layer of loosely arranged clusters of cells
secrete glucocorticoids like androgens

103
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine
come from chromaffin cells

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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