Head 1 Flashcards
where is the nasopharynx found and what is its function
found from posterior nares to uvula
protected by uvula and soft palate; keep food from entering the nasopharynx and nasal cavity
what type of tissue lines the nasopharynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
where is the oropharynx found and what does it do
from your uvula to your larynx (epiglottis)
protective against mechanical stress and passageway for food and air
where is the laryngopharynx found
found from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
opens into larynx and esophagus
protective against mechanical stress and is a passageway for food and air
what type of tissues lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what is the orbicularis oris muscle
muscle around your lips that has circumferential fibers
what is the labial frenulum
string of mucosa that attaches the inner portion of the lips to the gums on the midline
what is the oral vestibule
small space between teeth and inner portion of lips
internal surface of cheeks and lips
what are the buccinator muscles
muscles that run horizontally from your lips towards your ear
compresses the cheeks inwards for motions such as whistling and kissing
what is the lingual frenulum
string of mucosa that connects to the posterior aspect of the tongue and the floor of the mouth
prevents the tongue from going too far back
what is the anterior 2/3rds of the palate made of and what is its function
hard palate which is made of maxilla and palatine bones
assists in mechanical digestions
what is the posterior 1/3rd of the palate made of and what’s its function
makes up the soft palate
extends inferiorly until it reaches the uvula
what is the palatoglossal arch or anterior faucial pillars
anterior arch on the posterior wall of oral cavity
what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do
control position of the tongue and move it during chewing to turn food into bolus
what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do
control shape and size of the tongue to push food against hard palate and back towards the oropharynx
what are the small projections of the epithelium of the tongue called
papillae (taste buds)
which type of muscle (intrinsic or extrinsic) is the genioglossus of the tongue
extrinsic
what are the the vallate papilla or circumvallate and where are they found
largest, dome shaped projections of the tongue epithelium that contain 100s of taste buds
most posterior
what are the foliate papilla and where are they found
projections of the tongue epithelium that contain tastebuds only at childhood
found on the lateral sides of the tongue
what are the fungiform papilla and where are they found
mushroom-shaped projections of the tongue epithelium that contain only a few taste buds
found on the sides and tip of tongue
what are the filiform papilla and where are they found
long, thin cylindrical projections of the tongue epithelium that do not have any taste buds
detect food temperature and texture and assist in mechanical digestions
found on the anterior 2/3rds of tongue
which cranial nerves innervate the special sensation (taste buds) of the tongue
7 (facial), 9 (glossopharyngeal), and 10 (vagus)
which portion of the tongue does the facial nerve (7) innervate for special sensation
small specific areas of anterior 2/3rds of tongue
which portion of the tongue does the glossopharyngeal nerve (9) innervate for special and general sensation
lingual tonsil and posterior 1/3rd of tongue
which portion of the tongue does the vagus nerve (10) innervate for special and general sensation
middle portion of lingual tonsils and through the palatoglossus muscle going to the tongue
which cranial nerves innervate the general sensation (touch and temperature) of the tongue
V3 (lingual), 9 (glossopharyngeal), and 10 (vagus)
which portion of the tongue does the lingual nerve (V3) innervate for general sensation
anterior 2/3rds of tongue
which cranial nerve innervates the motor of the tongue
12 (hypoglossal)
which portion of the tongue does the hypoglossal nerve (12) innervate for motor
all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
which arteries supply the tongue
branches of the lingual artery
what are the two main veins that drain the tongue
lingual vein which drains into the internal jugular vein
why are nitroglycerin tablets used
put under the tongue because there are lots of veins in the area
allows the medication to enter the bloodstream quicker without the chance of it getting broken down before then
treats angina (chest pain)
what is the terminal sulcus
depression between lingual tonsil and posterior aspect of tongue
what is the foramen cecum
remnant of proximal part of thyroglossal duct; origin of thyroid gland
found at the posterior base of tongue on the midline
what is the median sulcus
midline groove of tongue
what is the epiglottic vallecula
space between the back of the lingual tonsils and epiglottis
where is the throat (fauces)
posterior portion of oral cavity to anterior portion of oropharynx
what is the palatopharyngeal arch
posterior arch in the oral cavity
where will you find the palatine tonsils
isthmus of fauces (back of your throat, in front of your oropharynx)
what is Waldeyer’s ring made of and what are some of its features
pharyngeal lymphatic ring formed by palatine, lingual, and pharyngeal tonsils
tonsils can swell and obstruct airways
carcinoma can hide here because it’s such a small space
what are dental alveoli
bony sockets that hold teeth
what are periodontal ligaments
connective tissue bands that hold teeth within the dental alveoli
what is the crown of a tooth
visible part sticking out of gum
what is the root of a tooth
everything below the gum within the dental alveoli
what is the alveolar margin
space between each tooth at gums
what are incisors and what are their function
broad and flat teeth with a narrow crown
cut off pieces of food
what are canines (cuspids) and what are their function
tooth with a pointed crown on either sides of incisors
crown rips and tears food
what are premolars and molars and what are their function
broad teeth posterior to canines
premolars have two cusps on crown (bicuspids)
molars have three cusps on crown (tricuspids)
upper molars have two roots; lower have 3
both grind food
do upper molars have 2 or 3 roots
3
do lower molars have 2 or 3 roots
2
what are primary or deciduous teeth and how many do you have
20 baby teeth that will be replaced up to 6 years of age
what are secondary or permanent teeth and how many do you have
32 adult teeth that come in after baby teeth and are not replaced
finish coming in around 21 years of age (wisdom teeth)
explain some features of periodontitis
infection of the gingiva caused by poor oral hygiene
can lead to tooth loss
treated by a professional cleaning and sometimes specialized toothpastes
explain features of parotid glands
found around the ear
25-30% of total saliva secreted
secreted through Stensen’s duct (parotid duct)
duct drains into mouth by second molar
made of only serous sells that secrete water and enzymes
explain features of submandibular glands
found under angle of jaw
65-75% of total saliva secreted
secreted through Wharton’s duct (submandibular duct) near lingual frenulum
made of mostly serous sells and some mucous sells that secretes enzymes and some mucous
explain features of sublingual glands
found directly under tongue
5% of total saliva secreted
contains mostly mucous cells that secrete mucous with some enzyme
secreted through ducts near lingual frenulum
what is the function of adipose tissue around the eyeball
provides protective cushioning
keeps eye in proper position
occupies the rest (2/3rds) of orbit
what is the function of an eyelid (palpebrae)
keeps eyeball moisturized as you blink
helps to bring debris to the front
what is the lacrimal carnucle
pink inner corner of eye that has sebaceous glands to secrete lubrication substance
what is considered the cornea
tissue on top of iris and pupil
what is the orbicularis oculi muscle
muscle around your eyes that has circumferential fibers
what is the levator palpebral superioris muscle
muscle that raises upper eyelid
causes ptosis (sagging) if it becomes paralyzed
what is the tarsal plate
main structural component of eyelid that is made of dense regular collagenous connective tissue
what is the tarsal gland
found within the tarsal plate
secretes oily substance to lubricate eyeball
what is the palpebral conjunctiva
thin, continuous epithelial membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid
has lots of capillaries
what is the bulbar or ocular conjunctiva
thin, continuous epithelial membrane that covers anterior surface of white part of eyeball (sclera)
has lots of capillaries that can become swollen due to infection which leads to pink eye or conjunctivitis
what are the flow of lacrimal fluid
lacrimal duct, across the eye to lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and inferior nasal meatus
where is the superior rectus muscle found and what does it do
on the superior aspect of the eye
moves the eye up and medially
where is the inferior rectus muscle found and what does it do
on the posterior aspect of the eye
moves the eye down and medially
where is the medial rectus muscle and what does it do
found on the medial portion of eye
turns eye medially
where is the lateral rectus muscle and what does it do
found on the lateral portion of eye
turns eye laterally
where is the superior oblique muscle and what does it do
muscle that travels from the posterior orbit along the medial wall and inserts on the upper literally aspect of the eye
pulls eye down and out
where is the inferior oblique muscle and what does it do
muscle on medially floor or orbit and insets on the bottom lateral portion of eyeball
pulls eye up and out
which two eye muscles make you look directly up
superior and inferior oblique
which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle
CN 4 (trochlear)
which nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle
CN 6 (abducens)
which nerve innervate the inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus, and inferior rectus muscles
CN 3 (oculomotor)
what is a lazy eye or amblyopia
when the eyes cannot move together at birth
abnormal alignment where the muscles don’t coordinate
causes poor depth perception
explain the features of strabismus
eyes don’t look in the same direction at the same time (cross eyes)
issue with abducens nerve (6)
what are the three layers of the eye from superficial to deep
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic (uvea), and neural tunic
what are the two layers of the fibrous tunic
sclera and cornea
what does the sclera of the fibrous tunic do
extension of dura mater that provides shape, resistance, and attachment for eye muscles
made of irregular collage fibers to help maintain its shape
what does the cornea of the fibrous tunic do
translucent covering that is continuous with the sclera anteriorly and allows light to pass through it
parallel arranged collagen fibers make it translucent
avascular
lots of abducens nerve endings that convey eye pain
what is the corneoscleral junction
junction of corneal and scleral layers of the fibrous tunic
what is the scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm)
hole found in the corneoscleral junction that drains excess fluid into circulatory system
what is the vascular layer of the eye
middle layer that lies beneath cornea and sclera
what is the choroid and what is its function
dark brown due to a pigment
minimizes scattering of light rays
capillaries
responsible for red eye reflection in pictures
what is the ciliary body and what is its function
ciliary muscle: contracts or relaxes to pull on suspensory ligaments to change shape of lens
ciliary processes: connect to suspensory ligaments and also secrete aqueous humor
what are suspensory ligaments for in the eye
connect ciliary body to lens which allows for contraction and relaxation of lens to allow it to focus light
what does the ciliary muscle do
stretch lens which helps it bend light
what do the ciliary processes do
connect the suspensory ligaments to the ciliary body and secrete aqueous humor
what is the iris and what does it do
colored region of eye
color is dependent on amount of melanin
what does the pupillary sphincter do
controlled by the parasympathetic division
contracts to make pupil smaller
what does pupillary dilator do
controlled by the sympathetic division
dilates to make pupil larger
what is the lens of the eye and what does it do
sphere behind pupil and iris that focuses light on retina
made of lens fibers with no nucleus
fibers tightly packed to make it translucent
what does the lens do for distant vision
ligaments stretch so it flattens
what does the lens do for near vision
ligaments relax so it gets rounder
explain features of uveitis (chorioretinitis)
inflammation of vascular layer of eye
can be caused by many different things such as and infection or autoimmune disease
needs to be treated or it can result in blindness
explain features of cataracts
the lens becomes cloudy due to things like trauma, diabetes, and aging
treated by replacing lens with a synthetic one - they cannot be reversed
what are the two layers of the neural layer (retina) of the eye
superficial layer and deep layer
what is the neural layer and what does it do
innermost later of eyeball, also known as retina
what does the superficial layer of the retina do
reduces light scattering and nourishes photoreceptors
what does the deep layer of the retina do
has photoreceptors and optic nerve cells
explain the features of a detached retina
epithelium of retina displaces from deep layer of retina
photoreceptors in retina don’t get blood supply from choroid
can be caused by diabetes, trauma, and odd shaped eye
what do photoreceptor cells do (rods and cones)
detect and transducer light stimuli into action potentials
what does the fovea centralis do
area where incoming light is focused
gives detail to what’s coming in due to high density of photoreceptors
what is the macula lutea
yellow region around fovea centralis
lots of photoreceptors
what is the optic disc
where the bundle of neurons come into the eye along with the optic nerve
no photoreceptors - blindspot
explain age related macular degeneration
macula lutea is damaged which affects central vision
dry causes: hereditary and environmental factors can cause thinning and drusen protein growth
wet causes: blood vessels grow under retina and leak fluids which causes scarring
