Neuroanatomy 3 Flashcards
what gland is found within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
pituitary gland
what are the two regions of the pituitary gland
adenophypophysis (anterior pituitary) and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
define secrete
process of producing and storing hormones in endocrine glands
define release
releasing stored hormones as needed
what are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, and GH
what are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH
what vessel system does the pituitary gland use
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
2 capillaries, one vein
supplied mostly by veins
which portion of the pituitary gland, anterior or posterior, makes up 20% of the gland and is mostly made up of neurons
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
explain Simmond’s disease (pituitary cachexia)
something such as a serve burn or excessive blood loss causes a fall in blood pressure (shock)
shock causes pituitary to stop secreting most or all of the pituitary hormones (panhypopituitariusm)
pituitary atrophies
what are mammillary bodies and what do they do
connect hypothalamus with limbic system
receive input from hippocampus
involved in memory regulation and behavior
define wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
prolonged, irreversible condition due to bilateral necrosis of mammillary bodies and other structures
can be caused by unrecognized thiamine (B1) deficiency due to things like malnutrition and chronic alcoholism
causes impaired memory, vision changes, and ataxia
where is the epithalamus located
found posterior to thalamus
where is the pineal gland found and what does it do
found inferior to the epithalamus
secretes melatonin
what is melatonin important for
the sleep/wake cycle
what separates the left and right lobes of the cerebellum
vermis
what is the function of the cerebellum
planning and coordination of movement
ex. playing a sport or instrument
what do cerebellar peduncles do
connect cerebellum and brainstem
superior, middle, and inferior portions
1.)
middle cerebellar peduncle (most lateral)
2.)
inferior cerebellar peduncle (abutting middle cerebral peduncle)
3.)
superior cerebellar peduncle (most superior)
what is the cerebellar cortex and what is it made of
gray matter of cerebellum that’s made of deep cerebellar nuclei
what is arbor vitae
white matter of cerebellum that converges to form the three tracts or peduncles
what are the three anatomical lobes of the cerebellum
anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes
what are the three zones of the cerebellum
vermis, intermediate zone, and lateral hemisphere
1.)
anterior lobe
2.)
posterior lobe
3.)
flocculonodular lobe
4.)
primary fissure
5.)
posterolateral fissure
what is the cerebrocerebellum and what is it’s function
lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum
involved in planning movement and motor learning
coordination of muscle activation
what is the spinocerebellum and what is it’s function
intermediate zone of the cerebellum
regulates body movement by allowing for error correction
relays proprioceptive information
what is the vestibulocerebellum and what is it’s function
vermis of the cerebellum
controls balance and ocular reflexes
what are some functions of the brainstem
involuntary homeostatic functions like heart rate and breathing rhythms
reflexes
monitoring movement and maintaining alertness
integrating and relaying information to other parts of the nervous system
what are the 3 subdivisions of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
where is the midbrain (mesencephalon) found and what’s its function
found inferior to diencephalon
surrounds cerebral aqueduct
has corpora quadrigemina
has substantia nigra
functions in movement, sensation, and startle reflex
what does the cerebral aqueduct do
connect third and fourth ventricles of brain
what does the corpora quadrigemina do
reflex centers for hearing and vision
made of superior and inferior colliculus
what does the substantia nigra do
produce dopamine
what does the substantia nigra do
produce dopamine
where is the pons found and what’s its function
found inferior to midbrain
contains descending motor tracts
nuclei regulation:
movement
breathing
reflexes
complex functions associated with sleep and arousal
where is the medulla oblongata found and what’s its function
found most inferiorly on brainstem
has pyramidal tracts on anterior surface and posterior columns
posterior columns:
carry sensory informaiton
breathing
intersect (crossing fibers)
1.)
optic (2)
2.)
trochlear (4)
3.)
abducens (6)
4.)
vestibulocochlear (8)
5.)
vagus (10)
6.)
hypoglossal (12)
7.)
olfactory (1)
8.)
oculomotor (3)
9.)
trigeminal (5)
10.)
facial (7)
11.)
glossopharyngeal (9)
12.)
spinal accessory (11)
which 3 cranial nerves contain axons of only sensory neurons
olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
what is the olfactory nerve’s function and where is it found
smell
found on roof of nasal cavity
what is the optic nerve’s function and where is it found
vision
posterior eye
what is the vestibulocochlear nerve’s function and where is it found
hearing and balance
inner ear
which 5 cranial nerves contain primarily axons of motor neurons
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
accessory
hypoglossal
what is the oculomotor nerve’s function and where is it found
moving and opening eye; constructing pupil and changing lens shape
exits right below mammillary bodies and goes to eye where it splits into many different branches
what is the trochlear nerve’s function and where is it found
moves eyes down and out
exits from the posterior, inferior midbrain and goes to the superior oblique eye muscle
what is the abducens nerve’s function and where is it found
abducts eyes
exits from the pons and innervates the lateral rectus muscle
what is the accessory nerve’s function and where is it found
controls certain muscles of speech and head and shoulder
exits along portion of medulla oblongata and goes to trapezius and SCM muscle
what is the hypoglossal nerve’s function and where is it found
motor to tongue
exits from medulla oblongata and goes to tongue
which cranial nerves are the 4 mixed cranial nerves that contain axons of both sensory and motor neurons
trigeminal (5)
facial (7)
glossopharyngeal (9)
vagus (10)
what is the trigeminal nerve’s function and where is it found
fascial sensation and mastication
exits the junction of the midbrain and pons
what is the facial nerve’s function
taste anterior 2/3rd of tongue
sensation to: external ear, palate and nasal cavity, facial expression
parasympathetic to: salivary glands (expect parotid) and lacrimal glands
what is the glossalpharyngeal nerve’s function
sensation to: posterior 1/3rd of tongue, external ear, posterior pharynx, detects changes in BP, swallowing
parasympathetic to: parotid gland
what is the vagus nerve’s function
skin around ear, taste from pharynx, detect blood oxygen, speaking and swallowing
explain trigeminal neuralgia
chronic pain syndrome that involves one or more trigeminal nerve branches
usually unilateral
explain bell’s palsy
facial nerve’s motor root is impaired by virus, trauma, etc.
weakness or paralysis of facial muscles of one side
treated with medication or surgery
mnemonic for cranial nerves and whether they’re sensory, motor, or both
Some
Say
Money
Matters
But
My
Boyfriend
Says
Big
Boobs
Matter
More
which portion of the brainstem controls breathing
medulla oblongata and pons
which portion of the brainstem influences respiratory rhythm
pons and medulla
1.)
anterior communicating artery (ACA)
2.)
middle cerebral artery (MCA)
3.)
anterior choroidal artery
4.)
posterior cerebral artery
5.)
superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
6.)
anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
7.)
posterior inferior cerebellar arter (PICA)
1.)
ACA
2.)
MCA superior division
3.)
MCA inferior division
4.)
MCA deep branches
5.)
PCA
6.)
anterior choroidal artery
7.)
PCA deep branches
what does the primary motor cortex control
opposite side of the body
crosses at medulla oblongata
do cerebellar structures control the same side of the body or opposite
the same side of the body
does the primary visual cortex control both sides of vision
yes, it crosses at optic chiasm
if there is a lesion on the brain, both eyes would be effected
where do the general somatic sensory signals come from
other side of the body
cross at medulla oblongata
