Abdomen 1 Flashcards
what are the two boundaries of the abdominal cavity
diaphragm and pelvic inlet
what are the two types of digestive system organs
ailmentary canal organs and accessory organs
what is the alimentary canal and where does it start and stop
the GI or digestive tract
starts at the oral cavity and ends at the large intestine
what are the 6 accessory organs and what is their overall function
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
galbladder
pancreas
assist in digestion; no direct contact with food except for teeth and tongue
what is your fauces
space between oral cavity and pharynx
which portions of your pharynx come into contact with food (normally)
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
(don’t want food in the nasopharynx)
what are the 5 functions of the digestive system
1.) take food into body and break it down into its basic components
2.) take in water and electrolytes via diet and deliver it to the blood
3.) ingest vitamins (K + B) and minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, etc.)
4.) produce hormones (gastrin, glucagon, secretin)
5.) secrete metabolic wastes (metals and bilirubin)
define peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle of alimentary canal
what is excreted in feces (give examples)
materials that are not digestable or usable
ex. metabolic wastes like drug molecules, metals, bilirubin, and excess cholesterol
which areas of the digestive tract use skeletal muscle
oral cavity, pharynx, superior portion of esophagus, last portion of large intestine (external anal sphincter)
what is skeletal muscle regulated by
somatic motor
which areas of the digestive tract use smooth muscle
everything that is not skeletal muscle
what is smooth muscle regulated by
visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)
motility includes which four actions
swallowing, churning, peristalsis, and defication
what is motility regulated by
autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric, and endocrine system)
which nerve innervates the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system and what is its function
splanchnic nerve
inhibits digestive process
which nerve innervates the parasympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system and what is its function
(digestive system)
vagus
stimulates digestive processes
are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems long or short reflexes
long
is the enteric nervous system long or short reflexes and why
short
reflex pathways are confined to local neruons that extend from the midesophagus to the internal anal sphinter
how does the enteric nervous system work with the parasympathetic nervous system
it receives impulses from the presynaptic parasympathetic neurons
how does the enteric nervous system work with the sympathetic nervous system
it recieves impulses from postsynaptic sympathetic neurons (acts as postganglion)
what is the structure of a parasympathetic neuron
long preganglionic neruon, short post ganglionic neuron
what is the structure of a sympathetic neuron
short preganglionic neuron, long post ganglionic neuron
what are the 7 GI hormones
gastrin
glucagon
leptin
secretin
stomatostatin
cholecystokinin
ghrelin
what are the two types of plexuses within the enteric nervous system
submucosal (meissner’s plexus)
myenteric (auerbach’s plexus)
where is the submucosal (meissner’s plexus) found
within the submucosa
where is the myenteric (auerbach’s plexus) found
between circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis propria
what is the largest serous membrane in the body
peritoneal membrane
which organs are retroperitoneal (only partially covered with peritoneum)
suprarenal (adrenal glands)
aorta & IVC
duodenum (2nd-4th parts)
pancreas
ureters
colon (descending/ascending)
kidneys
esophagus (thoracic)
rectum
what is the mesentery and what is its function
double layer of visceral peritoneum
supports and binds some organs together
keeps small intestine in a shape that fits in the abdominopelvic cavity
anchors the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels supplying it
what is the mesentery proper
mesentery of the small intestine
what is the transverse mesocolon
mesentery attached to transverse colon
what is sigmoid mesocolon
mesentery attached to sigmoid colon
what is the name of the mesentery attached to the appendix
mesoappendix
what is the omentum
double layer of visceral peritoneum
what is the greater omentum
four layers of folded visceral peritoneum
extends from greater curvature of stomach and duodenum into pelvis, then folds back to attach to the transverse colon
supplied by R/L gastro-omental arteries
which omentum, greater or lesser, is taken out with ovarian cancer
greater omentum
what is the lesser omentum
double-folded layer of peritoneum
extends from lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
contains the portal triad
what is the falciform ligament and what is its function
double-layer of periotneum between the two lobes of the liver
connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
what is the coronary ligament and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum running along the top of the liver
connects the superior portion of the liver to the diaphragm
what is the triangular ligament and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum found near the ends of the coronary ligaments
attaches the lobes of the liver to the diaphragm
what is the ligamentum venosum and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum which is found on the posterior side of the liver
remnant of the ductus venosum
what does the ductus venosus do in a fetus
shunt blood away from the liver
what is the ligamentum teres and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum found at the bottom of the falciform ligament
remnant of the umbilical vein
what does the umbilical vein do in a fetus
carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
what is the hepatogastric ligament and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum found
connects the stomach to the liver
what is the hepatoduodenal ligament and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum
connects the duodenum to the liver
what is the gastrosplenic ligament and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum
connects the stomach to the spleen
what is the splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament and what is its function
double layer of peritoneum
connects spleen to kidneys
what do the heptaogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments make up
the lesser omentum
what is the peritoneal fold
raised reflection of peritoneum
raised due to blood vessels, ducts, and ligaments
what is the medial umbilical ligament and what is its function
found within the medial umbilical fold
remnant of umbilical arteries
which peritoneal folds house the inferior epigastric vessels
lateral umbilical fold
what are the two compartments of the greater sac
supracolic and infracolic compartment
what is the greater sac
cavity of abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside the lesser sac
where would you find the infracolic spaces (paramesenteric gutters) of the greater sac
space within the circle/square of the large intestine
posterior to greater omentum
where would you find the paracolic gutters (grooves) and what do they do
between lateral aspect of ascending and descending colon and the posteriolateral abdominal wall
allow the supracolic and infracolic spaces to communicate
where would you find the supracolic spaces of the greater sac
above transverse colon
what is the peritoneal recess and what is it made of
pouch of peritoneum that is formed by a peritoneal fold
made of the supracolic/infracolic spaces and the paracolic gutters
what is the subphrenic recess
potential spaces in the supracolic compartment (above the transverse colon)
what is the paravertebral gutter
spaces at the most posterior part of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column
back muscles like within this area
what is the lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa) and what is its function
posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum
allows free movement of the stomach and communicates with greater sac
what is the omental foramen (epiploic foramen/foramen of winslow) and what is its function
opening to the lesser peritoneal sac
allows communcation between the greater and lesser sac
what is ascites
build up of clean fluid in the peritoneal cavity
can be caused by liver issues, cancer, starvation, ulcers, etc.
found in paracolic gutters, paraverterbal gutters, rectouterine pouch, or rectovesical pouch
what is peritonitis
infection in the peritoneal cavity
induces abdominal wall guarding and splinting
usually caused by perforated bowl
what is abdominal guarding and what is its function
involuntary spasm of anterolateral wall muscles to harden them
protects abdominal viscera from pressure and irritation
usually sign of infection
what is abdominal splinting
voluntary tensing of abdominal muscles to protect underlying inflamed structures
ex. tensing before you cough so it doesn’t hurt
what are the boundaries of the anterolateral abdominal wall
superiorly: ribs 7-10th and xiphoid process
inferiorly: inguinal ligament and superior margin of pelvic girdle
what is camper’s fascia
fatty layer over scarpa’s fascia
what is scarpa’s fascia
fascia layer lying on top of the muscle in your inguinal region
what is the transveralis fascia
fascia posterior to the transverse abdominis
what is found inferior to the acruate line
transversalis fascia
where is the acruate line
found posterior to the rectus abdominis
what is the linea alba
line down the midline of the abdomen that has no muscle fibers
what are some things that make up the posterior abdominal wall
lumbar plexus (anterior rami)
L1-L5
thoracolumbar fascia
what are the five muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
psoas major
iliacus
transversus abdominis
internal obliques
external obliques
where do the psoas major and iliacus musucles change name to the iliopsoas
under inguinal ligament
where does the proximal end of the psoas major insert
lumbar tranverse processes and sides of T12-L5
where does the distal end of the psoas major insert
lesser trochanter of femur
where does the esophagus go through the diaphragm
esophageal hiatus along with the vagus nerve
what is the convex curve of the stomach
greater curvature
what is the concave curve of the stomach
lesser curvature
what does the cardia of the stomach do
recieves bolus when lower esophageal sphincter relaxes
what does the fundus of the stomach do
stores undigested food and gases
what does the body of the stomach have
gastric glands
what does the pylroic antrum of the stomach do
mixes food and releases hormones
what does the pylroic canal of the stomach do
mixes/grinds food
what does the pyloric sphincter do
controls flow of ingested food between stomach and small intestine
what do the rugae (gastric folds) of the stomach do
allows the stomach to expand and absorbs 20% of alcohol
what are the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach
outer longitudinal layer
middle circular layer
inner oblique layer
what is hypertrophic pyloric stensosis
congenital disorder that causes thickning of the pyloric sphincter
stops food from being able to leave stomach
seen mostly in children up to a year
treated by cutting the muscle
what are peptic ulcers
most frequent in esophagus, antrum, and duodenum
caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria or NSAIDS
