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Human Anatomy Lecture > Abdomen 1 > Flashcards

Abdomen 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two boundaries of the abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm and pelvic inlet

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2
Q

what are the two types of digestive system organs

A

ailmentary canal organs and accessory organs

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3
Q

what is the alimentary canal and where does it start and stop

A

the GI or digestive tract
starts at the oral cavity and ends at the large intestine

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4
Q

what are the 6 accessory organs and what is their overall function

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
galbladder
pancreas
assist in digestion; no direct contact with food except for teeth and tongue

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5
Q

what is your fauces

A

space between oral cavity and pharynx

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6
Q

which portions of your pharynx come into contact with food (normally)

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx
(don’t want food in the nasopharynx)

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7
Q

what are the 5 functions of the digestive system

A

1.) take food into body and break it down into its basic components
2.) take in water and electrolytes via diet and deliver it to the blood
3.) ingest vitamins (K + B) and minerals (sodium, potassium, iron, etc.)
4.) produce hormones (gastrin, glucagon, secretin)
5.) secrete metabolic wastes (metals and bilirubin)

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8
Q

define peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle of alimentary canal

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9
Q

what is excreted in feces (give examples)

A

materials that are not digestable or usable
ex. metabolic wastes like drug molecules, metals, bilirubin, and excess cholesterol

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10
Q

which areas of the digestive tract use skeletal muscle

A

oral cavity, pharynx, superior portion of esophagus, last portion of large intestine (external anal sphincter)

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11
Q

what is skeletal muscle regulated by

A

somatic motor

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12
Q

which areas of the digestive tract use smooth muscle

A

everything that is not skeletal muscle

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13
Q

what is smooth muscle regulated by

A

visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)

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14
Q

motility includes which four actions

A

swallowing, churning, peristalsis, and defication

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15
Q

what is motility regulated by

A

autonomic nervous system
(sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric, and endocrine system)

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16
Q

which nerve innervates the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system and what is its function

A

splanchnic nerve
inhibits digestive process

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17
Q

which nerve innervates the parasympathetic portion of autonomic nervous system and what is its function

(digestive system)

A

vagus
stimulates digestive processes

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18
Q

are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems long or short reflexes

A

long

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19
Q

is the enteric nervous system long or short reflexes and why

A

short
reflex pathways are confined to local neruons that extend from the midesophagus to the internal anal sphinter

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20
Q

how does the enteric nervous system work with the parasympathetic nervous system

A

it receives impulses from the presynaptic parasympathetic neurons

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21
Q

how does the enteric nervous system work with the sympathetic nervous system

A

it recieves impulses from postsynaptic sympathetic neurons (acts as postganglion)

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22
Q

what is the structure of a parasympathetic neuron

A

long preganglionic neruon, short post ganglionic neuron

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23
Q

what is the structure of a sympathetic neuron

A

short preganglionic neuron, long post ganglionic neuron

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24
Q

what are the 7 GI hormones

A

gastrin
glucagon
leptin
secretin
stomatostatin
cholecystokinin
ghrelin

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25
Q

what are the two types of plexuses within the enteric nervous system

A

submucosal (meissner’s plexus)
myenteric (auerbach’s plexus)

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26
Q

where is the submucosal (meissner’s plexus) found

A

within the submucosa

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27
Q

where is the myenteric (auerbach’s plexus) found

A

between circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the muscularis propria

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28
Q

what is the largest serous membrane in the body

A

peritoneal membrane

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29
Q

which organs are retroperitoneal (only partially covered with peritoneum)

A

suprarenal (adrenal glands)
aorta & IVC
duodenum (2nd-4th parts)
pancreas
ureters
colon (descending/ascending)
kidneys
esophagus (thoracic)
rectum

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30
Q

what is the mesentery and what is its function

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum
supports and binds some organs together
keeps small intestine in a shape that fits in the abdominopelvic cavity
anchors the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels supplying it

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31
Q

what is the mesentery proper

A

mesentery of the small intestine

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32
Q

what is the transverse mesocolon

A

mesentery attached to transverse colon

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33
Q

what is sigmoid mesocolon

A

mesentery attached to sigmoid colon

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34
Q

what is the name of the mesentery attached to the appendix

A

mesoappendix

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35
Q

what is the omentum

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum

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36
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

four layers of folded visceral peritoneum
extends from greater curvature of stomach and duodenum into pelvis, then folds back to attach to the transverse colon
supplied by R/L gastro-omental arteries

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37
Q

which omentum, greater or lesser, is taken out with ovarian cancer

A

greater omentum

38
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

double-folded layer of peritoneum
extends from lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
contains the portal triad

39
Q

what is the falciform ligament and what is its function

A

double-layer of periotneum between the two lobes of the liver
connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

40
Q

what is the coronary ligament and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum running along the top of the liver
connects the superior portion of the liver to the diaphragm

41
Q

what is the triangular ligament and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum found near the ends of the coronary ligaments
attaches the lobes of the liver to the diaphragm

42
Q

what is the ligamentum venosum and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum which is found on the posterior side of the liver
remnant of the ductus venosum

43
Q

what does the ductus venosus do in a fetus

A

shunt blood away from the liver

44
Q

what is the ligamentum teres and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum found at the bottom of the falciform ligament
remnant of the umbilical vein

45
Q

what does the umbilical vein do in a fetus

A

carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

46
Q

what is the hepatogastric ligament and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum found
connects the stomach to the liver

47
Q

what is the hepatoduodenal ligament and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum
connects the duodenum to the liver

48
Q

what is the gastrosplenic ligament and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum
connects the stomach to the spleen

49
Q

what is the splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament and what is its function

A

double layer of peritoneum
connects spleen to kidneys

50
Q

what do the heptaogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments make up

A

the lesser omentum

51
Q

what is the peritoneal fold

A

raised reflection of peritoneum
raised due to blood vessels, ducts, and ligaments

52
Q

what is the medial umbilical ligament and what is its function

A

found within the medial umbilical fold
remnant of umbilical arteries

53
Q

which peritoneal folds house the inferior epigastric vessels

A

lateral umbilical fold

54
Q

what are the two compartments of the greater sac

A

supracolic and infracolic compartment

55
Q

what is the greater sac

A

cavity of abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside the lesser sac

56
Q

where would you find the infracolic spaces (paramesenteric gutters) of the greater sac

A

space within the circle/square of the large intestine
posterior to greater omentum

57
Q

where would you find the paracolic gutters (grooves) and what do they do

A

between lateral aspect of ascending and descending colon and the posteriolateral abdominal wall
allow the supracolic and infracolic spaces to communicate

58
Q

where would you find the supracolic spaces of the greater sac

A

above transverse colon

59
Q

what is the peritoneal recess and what is it made of

A

pouch of peritoneum that is formed by a peritoneal fold
made of the supracolic/infracolic spaces and the paracolic gutters

60
Q

what is the subphrenic recess

A

potential spaces in the supracolic compartment (above the transverse colon)

61
Q

what is the paravertebral gutter

A

spaces at the most posterior part of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column
back muscles like within this area

62
Q

what is the lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa) and what is its function

A

posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum
allows free movement of the stomach and communicates with greater sac

63
Q

what is the omental foramen (epiploic foramen/foramen of winslow) and what is its function

A

opening to the lesser peritoneal sac
allows communcation between the greater and lesser sac

64
Q

what is ascites

A

build up of clean fluid in the peritoneal cavity
can be caused by liver issues, cancer, starvation, ulcers, etc.
found in paracolic gutters, paraverterbal gutters, rectouterine pouch, or rectovesical pouch

65
Q

what is peritonitis

A

infection in the peritoneal cavity
induces abdominal wall guarding and splinting
usually caused by perforated bowl

66
Q

what is abdominal guarding and what is its function

A

involuntary spasm of anterolateral wall muscles to harden them
protects abdominal viscera from pressure and irritation
usually sign of infection

67
Q

what is abdominal splinting

A

voluntary tensing of abdominal muscles to protect underlying inflamed structures
ex. tensing before you cough so it doesn’t hurt

68
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

superiorly: ribs 7-10th and xiphoid process
inferiorly: inguinal ligament and superior margin of pelvic girdle

69
Q

what is camper’s fascia

A

fatty layer over scarpa’s fascia

70
Q

what is scarpa’s fascia

A

fascia layer lying on top of the muscle in your inguinal region

71
Q

what is the transveralis fascia

A

fascia posterior to the transverse abdominis

72
Q

what is found inferior to the acruate line

A

transversalis fascia

73
Q

where is the acruate line

A

found posterior to the rectus abdominis

74
Q

what is the linea alba

A

line down the midline of the abdomen that has no muscle fibers

75
Q

what are some things that make up the posterior abdominal wall

A

lumbar plexus (anterior rami)
L1-L5
thoracolumbar fascia

76
Q

what are the five muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

psoas major
iliacus
transversus abdominis
internal obliques
external obliques

77
Q

where do the psoas major and iliacus musucles change name to the iliopsoas

A

under inguinal ligament

78
Q

where does the proximal end of the psoas major insert

A

lumbar tranverse processes and sides of T12-L5

79
Q

where does the distal end of the psoas major insert

A

lesser trochanter of femur

80
Q

where does the esophagus go through the diaphragm

A

esophageal hiatus along with the vagus nerve

81
Q

what is the convex curve of the stomach

A

greater curvature

82
Q

what is the concave curve of the stomach

A

lesser curvature

83
Q

what does the cardia of the stomach do

A

recieves bolus when lower esophageal sphincter relaxes

84
Q

what does the fundus of the stomach do

A

stores undigested food and gases

85
Q

what does the body of the stomach have

A

gastric glands

86
Q

what does the pylroic antrum of the stomach do

A

mixes food and releases hormones

87
Q

what does the pylroic canal of the stomach do

A

mixes/grinds food

88
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

controls flow of ingested food between stomach and small intestine

89
Q

what do the rugae (gastric folds) of the stomach do

A

allows the stomach to expand and absorbs 20% of alcohol

90
Q

what are the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach

A

outer longitudinal layer
middle circular layer
inner oblique layer

91
Q

what is hypertrophic pyloric stensosis

A

congenital disorder that causes thickning of the pyloric sphincter
stops food from being able to leave stomach
seen mostly in children up to a year
treated by cutting the muscle

92
Q

what are peptic ulcers

A

most frequent in esophagus, antrum, and duodenum
caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria or NSAIDS

Human Anatomy Lecture (18 decks)

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