Neck & Head Flashcards
which number is the spinal accessory nerve and what does it do
CN 11
innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
what is the sympathetic trunk called at the cervical region
cervical ganglia that is split into superior, middle, and inferior
where would you find the cervical plexus (C1 to C5)
anteromedial to levator scapulae and middle scalene
deep to sternocleidomastoid
where would you find the phrenic nerve
across the anterior scalene where is will then cross anteriorly to subclavian artery
where does the phrenic nerve stem from and what does it do
stems from C3-C5 and innervates diaphragm
where would you find the trunks of the brachial plexus
between anterior and middle scalene
descends between clavicle and 1st rib
which number is the vagus nerve and what does it do
CN 10
somatic motor to pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
parasympathetic to heart, digestive, respiratory, kidneys, etc.
general sensory to pharynx, larynx, and root of tongue
visceral sensory to thoracic and abdominal organs
special sensory or taste from root of tongue and epiglottis
where would you find the vagus nerve
coming from the jugular foramen and going all the way to the transverse colon
found in carotid sheath behind carotid arteries and internal jugular vein
what do the L and R recurrent laryngeal nerves do
carry motor and sensory fibers to supply the trachea, esophagus, and larynx
also supplies motor to intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid
what does the superior laryngeal nerve do
has an internal and external branch
external motor branch: innervates cricothyroid muscle
internal sensory branch: innervates sensory fibers to pharynx
which number is the hypoglossal nerve and what does it do
CN 12
originates from brainstem and carries motor fibers to tongue
what is the carotid body and what does it do
specialized mass of tissue found at bifurcation of common carotid artery
peripheral chemoreceptor that monitors O2 in blood
innervated by CN 9 and 10
what is the carotid sinus and what does it do
small dilation around proximal part of internal carotid artery
baroreceptor innervated by CN 9 and 10 that responds to changes in arterial blood pressure
explain the features of a paraganglioma or carotid body tumor
neuroendocrine tumor of the parasympathetic system that arises at the bifurcation of carotid arteries (carotid body)
usually slow growing and benign
are removed surgically
what are examples of lymphoid follicles
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) like peyer’s patches and appendix
what is the flow of the lymph of the neck starting superiorly
superficial cervical lymph nodes, inferior deep cervical lymph nodes, jugular lymphatic trunks, thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
explain the features of a radical neck dissection
performed when cancer invades cervical lymph nodes
deep cervical lymph nodes are removed along with platysma, scm, digastric, trap, omohyoid, spinal accessory nerve, marginal mandibular nerve, and cranial nerve 12
cranial nerve 10, major arteries, and brachial plexus tried to be saved
how many bones does the skull have
22
how many bones does the cranium have
8
how many bones does the face have
14
1.)
sphenoid bone
2.)
ethmoid bone
3.)
nasal bones
4.)
lacrimal bone
5.)
palatine bone
6.)
zygomatic bone
7.)
nasal inferior choncha
8.)
vomer bone
9.)
maxilla
10.)
mandible
1.)
supraorbital foramen
2.)
frontal sinus
1.)
occipital condyle
2.)
foramen magnum
1.)
mandibular fossa
2.)
external acoustic meatus
3.)
styloid process
4.)
mastoid process
5.)
internal acoustic meatus
6.)
petrous region
what artery runs behind the pterion suture
middle meningeal artery
1.)
sphenoidal sinuses
2.)
pterygoid processes
3.)
sella turcica
1.)
cribriform plate with cribriform foramina
how many cribriform foramina are there
15-20
2.)
ethmoidal sinuses
3.)
perpendicular plate
4.)
middle nasal concha
5.)
hiatus semilunaris
1.)
mandibular condyle
2.)
mandibular notch
3.)
coronoid process
4.)
mandibular ramus
5.)
mandibular foramen
6.)
alveolar process
7.)
mental foramen
8.)
mandibular body
9.)
mental protuberance
1.)
infraorbital foramen
2.)
maxillary sinus
3.)
palatine process
4.)
inferior nasal conchae
1.)
nasal septum
2.)
nasal fossae
1.)
squamous suture
2.)
pterion suture
3.)
lambdoid suture
1.)
optic canal
2.)
foramen rotundum
3.)
foramen ovale
4.)
foramen spinosum
5.)
jugular foramen
1.)
superior orbital fissure
which nerve exits through the optic canal
CN 2 (optic nerve)
which nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure
CN 3 (oculomotor), 4 (trochlear), and branch 1 (ophthalmic) of 5 (trigeminal)
which nerve exits through the foramen rotundum
CN 5 (trigeminal) branch 2 (maxillary nerve)
which nerve exits through the foramen ovale
CN 5 (trigeminal) branch 3 (mandibular)
which nerve and artery exits through the foramen spinosum
CN 5 (trigeminal) branch 3 (mandibular) and middle meningeal artery
which nerves exits through internal acoustic meatus
CN 7 (facial) and CN 8 (vestibulocochlear)
which nerves exit through the jugular foramen
CN 9 (glossopharyngeal), CN 10 (vagus), and CN 11 (spinal accessory)
what are the functions of the nasal cavity
warm, humidify, and filter air
secretes antibacterial substances
smell from olfactory receptors
resonance of voice
what do the paranasal sinuses do
communicate with nasal cavity through bony openings
allows air to flow
1.)
frontal sinus
2.)
ethmoid sinus
3.)
maxillary sinus
4.)
sphenoid sinus
which sinuses drain into the middle nasal meatus
frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses
inflammation of which sinus can lead to toothache
maxillary sinus because it’s in close proximity to the teeth
where does the sphenoid sinus drain into
superior nasal meatus
which sinus is the pituitary gland behind
sphenoid sinus
what is a fontanel
membranous areas between fetal cranial bones
present until 18-24 months
1.)
anterior fontanel
2.)
posterior fontanel
3.)
sphenoid fontanel
4.)
mastoid fontanel
5.)
metopic suture
list some differences between male and female skull
male: prominent supraorbital ridge, 90 degree mandibular angle, larger mastoid process
female: less prominent supraorbital ridge, greater than 90 degree mandibular angle, smaller mastoid process
which cranial nerve innervates muscles of facial expression
CN 7 (facial)
what does the frontalis muscle do
raise eyebrows and skin of forehead
what does the orbicularis oris do
helps you eat, drink, whistle, and speak
what does the buccinator do
compresses checks to help with chewing and blowing
what does the orbiculais oculi do
controls eye movement helps close eye
what does the platysma do
pulls chin down and helps to open mouth
1.)
frontalis
2.)
orbicularis oculi
3.)
buccinator
4.)
orbicularis oris
5.)
platysma
what nerve innervates muscles of mastication
CN 5 (trigeminal)
what does the masseter do
attaches to the zygomatic process and angle of mandible
pulls the jaw back and down
what does the temporalis do
attaches to coronoid process of mandible
helps close the jaw
what are the 5 layers of the scalp starting from most superficial
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and periosteum
what layers of the scalp make up the scalp proper
skin, connective tissue, and aponeurosis
what is the aponeurosis
broad tendinous sheet under the connective tissue in the scalp
explain the features of a subgaleal bleed (SCALP)
scalp vessels bleed
blood extends anteriorly because first 3 layers are not attached to bone
causes a black eye (periorbital ecchymosis)
what are the alae nasi
lateral portion of nostrils
what is the nasal vestibule
hairs in the nasal cavity which prevent large objects from entering
