Lower Limb Flashcards
purpose of ligament femoris
provides nutrients through blood vessels to femoral head
1.)
fovea capitis
2.)
ligamentum femoris
1.)
neck
2.)
lesser trochanter
3.)
greater trochanter
4.)
intercondylar fossa
5.)
lateral epicondyle
6.)
medial epicondyle
7.)
medial condyle
8.)
base of patella
9.)
apex of patella
9.) (on femur)
lateral condyle
explain an intracapsular fracture
fracture of femoral neck
3 types: subcapital, transcervical, and baiscervical
subcapital fracture
fracture immediately below femoral head
transcervical fracture
fracture across mid-femoral neck
basicervical fracture
fracture across base of the femoral neck
1.)
medial condyle
2.)
lateral condyle
3.)
articular surface
4.)
intercondylar eminence
5.)
tibial tuberosity
6.)
anterior crest or shin
7.)
medial malleolus
8.)
head of fibula
9.)
lateral malleolus
what type of joint is the knee joint
synovial hinge joint
what are three things a synovial joint has
articular or joint capsule
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
what makes up the femorotibial joint
femoral and tibial condyles
what makes up the femoropatellar joint
posterior surface of patella and anterior surface of femur
held together by patella ligament
function of tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral)
connects femur, medial meniscus, and tibia
provides medial joint stabilization and prevents tibia from shifting too far laterally on the femur
function of fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral)
connects femur to the fibula
prevents tibia from moving too far medially on the femur
function of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
inserts on the anterior side of tibia and posterior aspect of the femur
prevents hyperextension and tibia from moving too far anteriorly
function of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
inserts on the posterior side of tibia and anterior aspect of femur
prevents tibia from displacing posteriorly
1.)
fibular collateral ligament
2.)
lateral meniscus
3.)
posterior cruciate ligament
4.)
anterior cruciate ligament
5.)
medial meniscus
6.)
tibial collateral ligament
what is the result of a lateral blow to the knee
rupture of the tibial collateral ligament, medical meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament (unhappy traid)
diagnosed using the Lachman test anterior drawer sign
treated with rest, ice, compression, and anti-inflammatories
1.)
lateral cuneiform
2.)
intermediate cuneiform
3.)
medial cuneiform
4.)
cuboid
5.)
navicular
6.)
talus
7.)
calcaneus
8.)
sesamoid bones
9.)
hallux
10.)
head
11.)
shaft
12.)
base
bunion toe
foot deformity caused by misaligned joint between the hallux and metatarsal
most common in females and usually inherited
fascia lata
deep facia of thigh surrounding everything except IT band
the 2 anterior muscles that flex thigh at hip
iliopsoas and sartorius
the 4 anterior muscles and 1 tendon that extend the leg at knee
quads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
rectus femoris tendon
the 2 medial thigh muscles that adduct the thigh
adductor magnus and gracilis
the 2 posterior pelvis muscles (gluteal muscles) that extend, abduct, and rotate thigh
gluteus maximus and gluteus medius
the 3 posterior thigh muscles that flex the leg at the knee
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
1.)
iliopsoas
2.)
sartorius
3.)
rectus femoris
4.)
vastus lateralis
5.)
vastus medialis
6.)
gracilis
7.)
adductor magnus
8.)
tendon of quadriceps femoris
9.)
vastus intermedius
the 2 main anterior leg muscles that dorsiflex foot at ankle
tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
the 2 muscles that plantar flex the foot at the ankle
triceps surae group: soleus and gastrocnemius
1 lateral leg muscle that allows for eversion of the foot
fibularis (peroneus) longus
2 lateral/posterior leg muscles that allow for inversion of the foot
tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior
1.)
tibialis anterior
2.)
extensor digitorum longus
3.)
fibularis longus
4.)
tibialis posterior
features of intragluteal injections
the thick and large muscles that are the gluteus maximus and medius allow for substantial volume of absorption by intramuscular veins
safe injection sites include the suprolateral quadrant and the anterolateral part of thigh
features of hammer toe
foot deformity of the proximal dorsiflexed phalanx and middle plantarflexed phalanx
usually on second digit
causes weakness of lumbrical and interosseous muscles
1.)
illiohypogastric nerve; L1
2.)
illioinguinal nerve; L1
3.)
genitofemoral nerve; L1-L2
4.)
femoral nerve; L2-L4 posterior division
5.)
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve; L2-L3
6.)
obturator nerve; L2-L4 anterior division
what structures does the femoral nerve innervate
motor to the quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, and sartorius muscles
sensory to the anterior thigh, medial thigh, medial leg, and foot
what structures does the obturator nerve innervate
motor to the thigh adductors and gracilis muscle
sensory to the superomedial thigh
1.)
superior gluteal nerve; L4-S1
2.)
inferior gluteal nerve; L5-S2
3.)
pudendal nerve; L4-S3
4.)
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve; S2-S4
5.)
sciatic nerve; S1-S3
6.)
common fibular nerve; L4-S2
1.)
superficial fibular nerve
2.)
deep fibular nerve
3.)
sural nerve
4.)
saphenous vein
features of injury to superior gluteal nerve
can be caused by injury of the nerve, fracture of greater trochanter, and dislocation of the hip
causes motor loss and disables gluteus medius causing a limp (trendelenburg gait)
femoral artery
continuation of external iliac artery
serves lower leg
changes name when crossing inguinal ligament
deep femoral artery (profound femoris artery)
branch of femoral artery
supplies structures of hip joint, femur, and many anterior thigh muscles
popliteal artery
continuation of femoral artery, changes name in the popliteal fossa
supplies knee joint
changes name when crossing adductor hiatus
anterior tibial artery
lateral branch of the popliteal artery
supplies structures of anterior leg
becomes dorsalis pedis artery as it crosses ankle joint and enters foot
posterior tibial artery
medial branch of the popliteal artery
supplies posterior and lateral structures of the leg
has a fibular artery branch
splits into medial and lateral plantar arteries at foot
1.)
profunda femoris artery
2.)
femoral artery
3.)
popliteal artery
4.)
anterior tibial artery
5.)
posterior tibial artery
6.)
dorsalis pedis artery
7.)
fibular artery
8.)
medial plantar artery
9.)
lateral plantar artery
great saphenous vein
located in the superficial medial leg and thigh
empties into the femoral vein
small saphenous vein
lateral to great saphenous vein
empties into popliteal vein
two main components of lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue and organs
3 main functions of the lymphatic system
regulation of interstitial fluid volume
absorption of dietary fats
immune functions
features of the regulation of interstitial fluid volume performed by the lymphatic system
higher hydrostatic pressure in the arteriole end of a capillary so fluid is lost to the interstitial fluid
higher osmosis pressure in the venue end of a capillary so fluid some fluid lost is drawn back into the blood
overall net filtration pressure is 6 mm Hg outward
lymphatic vessels pick up excess fluid (lymph) and deliver it back to cardiovascular system
features of the absorption of dietary fats performed by the lymphatic system
large fat molecules go into lymphatic vessels (lacteals) in the small intestines
travel through these vessels then eventually delivered to the blood with lymph
features of the immune functions performed by the lymphatic system
lymphoid organs filter pathogens from lymph and blood
house leukocytes
what are the 9 lymph trunks
2 lumbar trunks, 2 jugular trunks, 1 intestinal trunk, 2 bronchomediastinal trunks, and 2 subclavian trunks
lumbar trunks
receive lymph form lover limbs and pelvic area
jugular trunks
receive lymph from head and neck
intestinal trunk
receives fat-containing lymph from small lymphatic vessels in the small intestine
bronchomediastinal trunks
receive lymph from thoracic cavity
subclavian trunks
receive lymph from upper limbs
cisterna chyli
where the intestinal and lumbar trunks drain into
thoracic duct
drains from the cistern chili and trunks from left side of the body
largest lymphatic duct
interjects into the left internal jugular and the left subclavian veins
right lymphatic duct
drains upper right side of body
drains into junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins
blind-ended feature of lymphatic capillaries
makes lymphatic vasculature a one way system that only moves lymph away from the tissues
cells have flaps that open with an increase in interstitial fluid pressure and close with decrease in interstitial fluid pressure
makes it easier for pathogens to enter lymphatic capillaries
lymph nodes
limit spread of pathogens through the body by acting like filters to trap pathogens
clumps of these found in the axillary, cerivcal, inguinal, and mesenteric regions
7.)
tibial nerve; L4-S3
