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APLUS > Pathophysiology 1 > Flashcards

Pathophysiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that results from disease processes.

Pathophysiology helps in understanding how diseases affect bodily functions.

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2
Q

How is disease defined?

A

A deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, system, or combination of these or from a state of wellness.

This definition highlights the multifaceted nature of disease.

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3
Q

What does the World Health Organization include in its definition of health?

A

Physical, mental, and social well-being.

This comprehensive definition emphasizes that health is not just the absence of disease.

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes.

Homeostasis is crucial for overall health and functioning.

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5
Q

What happens when homeostasis is not maintained?

A

Disease may develop.

Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to various health issues.

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6
Q

What are the components of health?

A
  • Physical well-being
  • Mental well-being
  • Social well-being

These components collectively define a person’s overall health.

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7
Q

What are health indicators?

A

Values that occur within a range and may vary depending on technology used for measurement.

Indicators help assess health status and trends.

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8
Q

What factors can cause adjustments in health indicators?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Genetics
  • Environment
  • Activity level

These factors can influence individual health measurements.

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9
Q

What is the first step in the Seven Steps to Health?

A

Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke.

This step emphasizes the importance of avoiding tobacco for overall health.

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10
Q

What does the second step in the Seven Steps to Health recommend?

A

Eat 5 to 10 servings of vegetables and fruit a day. Choose high-fiber, lower fat foods.

A balanced diet is essential for maintaining health.

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11
Q

What is one of the preventive measures suggested in the Seven Steps to Health?

A

Limit alcohol intake.

Moderation in alcohol consumption is crucial for preventing health issues.

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12
Q

What is the focus of pathophysiology?

A

Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease.

Pathophysiology integrates knowledge of anatomy and physiology.

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13
Q

What does the study of pathology include?

A

Describes structural changes in body tissues caused by disease.

Pathology complements pathophysiology by focusing on physical changes.

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14
Q

What is a primary focus in the prevention of disease?

A

Maintaining routine vaccination programs.

Vaccination is a key strategy for preventing infectious diseases.

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15
Q

What are the stages of the research process in Health Science?

A
  • Stage 1: Basic science
  • Stage 2: Small number of human subjects
  • Stage 3: Clinical trials

Each stage builds upon the previous one to ensure safety and effectiveness.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of Stage 1 in the research process?

A

Researchers work to identify a technology that will limit or prevent the disease process.

This stage involves laboratory work and may include animal or cell/tissue cultures.

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17
Q

What characterizes a double-blind study?

A

Neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.

This approach minimizes bias and ensures reliable results.

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18
Q

True or False: Clinical trials involve a small number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease.

A

False. Clinical trials involve a large number of patients.

Large sample sizes help improve the reliability of the results.

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19
Q

What’s included in medical history

A

Current and prior illness
Allergies
Hospitalizations
Tx
Specific difficulties
Any type of therapy/ drug

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20
Q

Normal values for health indicator can be adjusted by?

A

Gender
Age
Genetics
Environment
Activity level

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21
Q

Examination of a dead body is known as

A

Autopsy

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22
Q

Biologically programmed cell death is known as

A

Apoptosis

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23
Q

of new cases in a given population with a given time period is known as

A

Incidence

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24
Q

What is the gross level in medical terminology?

A

Organ or system level

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25
Q

What is the microscopic level in medical terminology?

A

Cellular level

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26
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

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27
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

Examination of the body and organs after death

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28
Q

What is diagnosis in the context of disease?

A

Identification of a basic disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms and laboratory tests

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29
Q

What does etiology refer to?

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

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30
Q

List some causative factors in etiology.

A
  • Congenital defects
  • Inherited or genetic disorders
  • Microorganisms
  • Immunologic dysfunctions
  • Degenerative changes
  • Malignancy
  • Metabolic, nutritional problems
  • Trauma, burns, environmental factors
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31
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

Cause of disease is unknown

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32
Q

What does iatrogenic mean?

A

Error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease

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33
Q

What are predisposing factors in disease?

A

Age, gender, inherited factors, environment etc.

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34
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

Preserve health; prevent spread of disease

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35
Q

What does prevention encompass?

A

Vaccinations; dietary/lifestyle modifications; prevention of potentially harmful activities

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36
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Development of the disease

37
Q

What are the two types of onset of disease?

A
  • Sudden/acute
  • Insidious: gradual, vague or mild signs
38
Q

What characterizes acute disease?

A

Short-term, develops quickly, high fever, severe pain

39
Q

What characterizes chronic disease?

A

Develops gradually, milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes

40
Q

What is a subclinical state?

A

Pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations

41
Q

What is a latent state?

A

No symptoms or clinical signs evident; in infectious diseases: incubation period

42
Q

What is the prodromal period?

A

Early development of the disease with nonspecific or absent signs

43
Q

What are manifestations in the context of disease?

A

Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms

44
Q

Differentiate between local and systemic manifestations.

A
  • Local: at site of the problem
  • Systemic: general indicators of illness, e.g., fever
45
Q

What are signs in medical terminology?

A

Objective indicators of disease

46
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective feelings

47
Q

What are lesions?

A

Specific local change in the tissue

48
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

Collection of signs and symptoms

49
Q

What are diagnostic tests?

A

Various laboratory tests appropriate to manifestations and medical history

50
Q

What are remissions and exacerbations?

A
  • Remission: period which manifestations subside
  • Exacerbation: a worsening of severity
51
Q

What is a precipitating factor?

A

Condition that triggers an acute episode

52
Q

What are complications in disease?

A

New secondary or additional problems

53
Q

What is therapy in the context of disease?

A

Measures to promote recovery/slow progress

54
Q

What are sequelae?

A

Potential unwanted outcomes

55
Q

What is convalescence or rehabilitation?

A

Period of recovery and return to healthy state

56
Q

What does morbidity refer to in the context of disease prognosis?

A

Disease rates within a group

57
Q

What is the definition of mortality?

A

Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease

58
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

Postmortem examination

59
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

60
Q

Which organizations are major data collection centers for epidemiology?

A
  • WHO
  • CDC
61
Q

What does incidence measure?

A

Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period

62
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period

63
Q

What characterizes an epidemic?

A

A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area

64
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Involves a higher number of infectious diseases in many regions of the globe

65
Q

Define communicable diseases.

A

Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another

66
Q

What are notifiable or reportable diseases?

A

Diseases that must be reported by the physician to designated authorities

67
Q

What does atrophy refer to?

A

Decrease in the size of cells, resulting in reduced tissue mass

68
Q

Define hypertrophy.

A

Increase in cell size, resulting in enlarged tissue mass

69
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increased number of cells, resulting in enlarged tissue mass

70
Q

What does metaplasia involve?

A

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

71
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

72
Q

Define anaplasia.

A

Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures

73
Q

What does neoplasia mean?

A

“New growth”—commonly called tumor

74
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death; a normal occurrence in the body

75
Q

What does ischemia refer to?

A

Deficit of oxygen in the cells

76
Q

Define hypoxia.

A

Reduced oxygen in tissues

77
Q

What is pyroptosis?

A

Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

78
Q

What types of damage can lead to cell damage?

A
  • Excessive heat or cold
  • Radiation exposure
79
Q

What is mechanical damage?

A

Pressure or tearing of tissue

80
Q

What are the two types of chemical toxins?

A
  • Exogenous: from environment
  • Endogenous: from inside the body
81
Q

What are microorganisms in the context of cell damage?

A

Bacteria and viruses, for example

82
Q

What are abnormal metabolites?

A
  • Genetic disorders
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
  • Altered metabolism
83
Q

What does necrosis refer to?

A

Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration

84
Q

What is liquefaction necrosis?

A

Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes

85
Q

Define coagulative necrosis.

A

Cell proteins are altered or denatured—coagulation

86
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids

87
Q

What does caseous necrosis produce?

A

Thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms

88
Q

What is infarction?

A

Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation

89
Q

What is gangrene?

A

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

APLUS (35 decks)

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