Patho & Pathophis week 1 Flashcards
What are the layers of the meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is the largest Foramen (hole in the skull)
Foreman Magnum (where the spinal cord connects to the brain)
What are the different lobes of the brain
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Where is CSF made and stored in the brain
CSF is made in the meninges of the brain and stored in the vesicles of the brain
How many major arteries provide the brain with blood
4
2 internal carotid arteries divide from common carotid artery
2 vertebral arteries join to forms a single basilar artery
Where do the arteries in the brain interconnect?
The circle of Willis’
The acts as a roundabout providing the blood with more than one route ensuring the brain can get good blood flow if there was a blockage to form
How many cranial nerves are there
12
The Vegal nerve is interconnected to the parasympathetic nervous system and helps slow down heart rate.
What is the Reticular activating system (RAS)
This system is a diffuse network of nerve networks in the brain stem connecting the spinal cord cerebrum, cerebellum & brain stem mediating over all LOC
What are the 2 groups TBI’s can be classified into?
Primary: Damage is caused by the impact of the injury itself
Secondary: Damage can be caused by swelling of the brain, skull fractures, infection or hypoxia
What signifies a Focal injury?
Focal injuries occur at specific parts of the brain (usually associates with BLUNT FORCE trauma)
What classifies a cerebral contusion
This comes from BLUNT trauma to local brain tissue causing CAPILLARY bleeding (Usually associates with coup/countercoup)
What is Coup & Countercoup
Coup is where the brain hits the side of the skull in which directional way the injury occurred countercoup is the brain rebounding and hitting the other side of the skull
How many types of Focal Hemorrhage are there
4
What classifies a Epidural hematoma
This is bleeding between the Dura mater & the Skull. This often involved ARTERIAL vessels often being the meningeal artery. This is usually caused by a skull fracture.
What classifies a Subdural Hematoma
This bleed happens between the DURA & ARACNOID mater.
These are usually VENOUS bleeds
These usually end up with secondary oedema and increased ICP resulting in LOC & neurological determination.
What classifies a Subarachnoid bleed
This bleed happens between the Arachnoid & Pia mater.
This usually is an ATERIAL bleed and can result in decreased LOC in trauma cases
What classifies a Intracerebral bleed
This is a ruptured blood vessel in the brain tissue itself. They can happen anywhere but are typically found in the Frontal & Temporal lobes.
These bleeds are usually associates with Coup & Countercoup injuries.
Usually there is minimal blood loss but the secondary injuries are damaging due to the oedema and raise in ICP
What classifies a Concussion
This is a transient neurogenic dysfunction caused by a mechanical force
Can a concussion cause amnesia?
Yes!
What classifies a DIA
Diffuse Axonal Injuries involves tearing/disruption of axonal fibers in the white matter and brain stem.
This is usually a cause of Rotational injuries and can be grouped into MILD, MODERATE & SEVERE
What is the CNS ischemic response
What is CPP
This is the arterial blood pressure of the brain (the more CPP the more 02 perfusing the brain tissue.
Normal range is 70-100mmHg
Brain ischemia develops Below 40mmHg
What is the Cushing reflex/triad
