Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

St John/ Uni > Patho & Pathophis Shock 2 > Flashcards

Patho & Pathophis Shock 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Distributive shock characherised as

A

Loss of vessel tone
Enlarged vascular compartment
Displaced vascular volume from heart/central circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 main causes of distributive shock

A

Decreased sympathetic control
Excessive vasodilatory substances released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is Distributive shock described

A

Blood volume stays the SAME. Vasculature expands until normal volume doesn’t fill circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happen in Distributive shock

A

In distributive shock the vessels stay in vasodilation causing more plasma to leak out of the vessel into the interstitial space, therefore leading to decreased blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 subsets of Distributive shock

A

Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes Neurogenic shock

A

Parasympathetic overstimulation and sympathetic under stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause neurogenic shock

A

Injury to spinal cord or medulla
Hypoxia
Lack of glucose to CNS
CNS depressing drugs
General anaesthesia

In addition to loss of autonomic processes there is also a loss of thermoregulation due to the inability to sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the progression of Neurogenic shock

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What defines anaphylaxis

A

Anaphylaxis is severe, life threating, systemic hypersensitivity reaction resulting in decreased blood pressure, airway obstruction and severe hypoxia

Mostly caused by a type 1 hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some common causes of anaphylaxis

A

Foods
Insect venom
Latex
Meds
Immunotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define an Antigen

A

Something that stimulates an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define an Allergen

A

An antigen that causes an allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Hypersensitivity

A

Abnormal & excessive response of activated immune system causing injury & damage to host tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define an Allergy

A

A type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define an Antibody

A

A family of defensive proteins the body makes when stimulated by an antigen. These are produces by B lymphocytes and plasma B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Immune response

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are hypersensitivity Disorders

A

Collective term for immune response disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a type 1 Hypersensitivity disorder

A

Classic allergic response IgE-mediated.
They develop rapidly on exposure to antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sensation stage of initial allergen exposure

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are essential in producing type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Mast cells & Basophils

21
Q

Anaphylactic reaction subsequent exposure

A
22
Q

What happen in mast cell degranulation

A

As the antibodies attach to the mast cell they release a bunch of different mediators which have a inflammatory response

23
Q

What is the action of Histamine

A

This causes an increase in nitric oxide production which is a strong vasodilator it also causes smooth muscle in the bronchioles to constrict, while causing vascular smooth muscle to relax. This increases permeability of the vessels resulting in more oedema in the pulmonary system and reduced preload to the heart affecting MAP

24
Q

How many distinct phases does anaphylactics have

A

2
A primary - which commences 5-30 mins post allergen exposure & subsides within 60mins. This is mediated by the key mediator HISTAMINE

In the primary stage it causes vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contraction (in the broncus)

The secondary phase typically occurs 2-8 hrs after resolution can last several days.
The main cause are eosinophils (type of white blood cell) residing in connective tissue underneath respiratory, gut, urogenital epithelium
It releases toxic proteins & free radicals
It causes intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils & other acute chronic inflammatory cells & tissue destruction

25
Q

What are Atopic Reactions

A

Local hypersensitivity reactions usually occur when offending allergen is confined to particular exposure site.
People prone to atopy often develop reactions to more than one environmental allergen causing yearly symptoms.
Some symptoms are
Urticarial -skin rash
Allergic rhinitis - inflammation and irritation of mucus in the nose
Atopic dermatitis - eczema
Bronchial asthma

26
Q

What is Atopy

A

Atopy is the predisposition for people to develop allergic reactions when coming into contact with an allergen. People are more likely to have Atopy when there is a family history

27
Q

Summary of Anaphylaxis

A
28
Q

What is sepsis

A

It is a systemic reaction to a pathogen

29
Q

What are the first 2 steps of sepsis

A

The pathogen attaches to the toll-like receptors on white blood cells. From this it causes the activation of plasma derived inflammatory mediators and cell derived inflammatory mediators

30
Q

What is included in the plasma derived inflammatory mediators

A

The complement system
Coagulation factors
The kinin system

31
Q

What is included in the complement system

A

This includes a number of proteins that induce vascular permeability and vasodilation. This results in heat and redness, it also causes antigens and antibodies to bind for the immune response

32
Q

What is included in the coagulation factors

A

These are plasma proteins, in particular thrombin stimulates realse of CELL derived mediators for the cascade of inflammation to continue, Causes inappropriate clotting

33
Q

What is included in the Kinin system

A

This is part of the plasma protein family leading to the activation of the inflammatory response including vasodilation, blood coagulation & pain

34
Q

What is included in the cell derived inflammatory mediators

A

Histamine
Proinflammatory cytokines
Leukocytes
Prostoglandins

35
Q

Where is Histamine produced

A

It is produced in the basophils and mast cells, it increases permeability so fluid leaks out into surrounding tissue

36
Q

What are Proinflammatory cytokines

A

These are cell signaling proteins. Their net effects are fever, vasodilation, hypotension, oedema, elevated white blood count

37
Q

What is the role of Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

These adhere to adhesion cells and leave the circulatory system to extravascular tissue

38
Q

What do Prostaglandins do

A

This cause inflammation, can trigger clotting cascade and innate organ failure

39
Q

What are some symptoms that patients may be complaining of in sepsis

A

Sore limbs
Headache
low Temp

40
Q

What are the late stages of sepsis

A

Depressed myocardial function
Leucopoenic -
Thrombocytopenia -
Thrombi
Pulmonary congestion
DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation

41
Q

What triggers depressed myocardial function

A

You eventually become acidotic which leads to cellular oedema therefore causing less venus return to the heart and less cardiac output. The pathogen is also toxic to cardiac cells

42
Q

What is Leucopoenia

A

This is the bodies ability to make new white blood cells. Becuase the body has been fighting the infection for so long it can not longer make as many

43
Q

What does thrombi mean

A

Thrombi is the wide spreading clotting factors that is going on in the body

44
Q

What causes pulmonary congestion

A

Pulmonary congestion is caused by the wide spread clotting factors occurring in the body, the pulmonary tissue is especially susceptible to inflammation and impairment

45
Q

What is DIC

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation. This is wide spread coagulation that can cause damage to the microvasculature which can cause organ dysfunction. This is also where strong anticoagulants are released therefore increasing bleeding

46
Q

What is a indication of DIC

A

Bruising on their skin (blotches all over the skin)
This is because of the increased bleeding going on

47
Q

What are some signs of MODS

A

Multiple organ dysfunction is serve pulmonary impairment with fluid building up in the lungs making gas exchange non effective.

another sign is VT or VF because of the heart being affected

48
Q

Summary of sepsis

A
49
Q

Is temperature a guide to sepsis?

A

No high temp is the FIRST response on the infection. Dont use it as a hallmark for diagnosis

St John/ Uni (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions