Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

St John/ Uni > Para Meds > Flashcards

Para Meds Flashcards

Learning Meds

1
Q

How does Salbutamol work

A

Salbutamol is a Bronchodilator that stimulates the Beta receptors.

It is absorbed through the liver and passed through the urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Contras and Indications of Salbutamol

A

Contras: Known severe allergy
Cautions: None
Indications:
Bronchospasm secondary to Asthma or COPD
Bronchospasm secondary to airway burns, smoke inhalation or chest infection
Release syndrome
Hyperkalaemia

Adverse effects:
Tremor
Tachycardia

Usual onset:
2-5 mins
Usual duration:
1-2 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does Adrenaline work

A

Adrenaline works in 3 different ways
Alpha 1: stimulation causes smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
Beta 1: stimulation causes cardiac contractility and causes a increase in heart rate
Beta 2: stimulation causes vasodilation, bronchodilation and stabilization of mast cell membranes, reducing histamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the Contras and Indications of Adrenaline

A

Contraindications: None
Cautions: MI (will increase o2 consumption)
Tachydysthrmias (adrenaline will usually make it worse)
Indications
Cardiac arrest
Anaphylaxsis
Resp arrest from COPD
Severe bradycardia
Stridor

Usual onset:
IM - 2-5mins

Usual duration:
Cardiovascular effects last 5-10mins
Mast cell membrane effects may last several hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does Panadol work?

A

Panadol Inhibits the production of prostaglandins resulting in a reduction of pain and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the Contras and Indications for Panadol

A

Contra: Known severe allergy
Cautions: Pt has taken in the last 4 hours
Known severe liver impairment
Indications: Mild - moderate pain

Common effects:
None

Usual onset:
30-60 mins
Usual duration:
4-6hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does Ibuprofen work

A

Ibuprofen is a NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
It inhibits the activity prostaglandin synthetease therefore reducing the production of prostaglandin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the contras and indications of Ibuprofen

A

Contra: Known severe allergy
Pregnancy
Presence of sepesis, dehydration, shock or significant bleeding. can cause increase risk of bleeding or renal impairment.
Known worsening of bronchospasm with NSAIDS
Cautions:
Pt has taken in the last 4 hours
Abdo pain
Age greater or equal to 75

Adverse effects:
Renal impairment
Increased bleeding
GI bleeding and ulceration (chronic use)

Usual duration:
4-6 hrs
Usual onset
30-60 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does Ipratropium work?

A

Ipratropium is a bronchodilator, It is a anticholingeric agent which primeritaly blocks ACH receptors causing vagal inhibition resulting in bronchodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Contras and indications for Ipratropium

A

Contra: Known severe allgergy
Cautions: none
Indications: Bronchospasm secondary to asthma or COPD Prominent bronchospasm secondary to airway burn, smoke inhalation or chest infection.
Usually used with Salbutomal

Adverse effects:
Tachycardia
Dry Mouth
Blurred vision (repeated doses)

Usual onset
2-5 mins
Usual duration
6hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does GTN work

A

GTN is a vasodilator. It works on the smooth muscle causing aterial vasodilation with the predominent effact being on viens.

MOA - this is not clear but GTN results in the formation of nitric oxide (vasodilator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the Contras and Indications for GTN

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Systolic BP less than 100 mmHg
HR less than 40/min
HR greater than 150/min
VT
Cautions:
STEMI Involving the right ventricle
Frail patient
Signs of shock
Dysryhthmia
Known aortic or mitral stenosis
Indications:
MI
CPO
Control of hypertension
STEMI

Adverse effects:
Hypotention
Flushing
Headace
Tachycardia
Light headed

Usual onset: 1-2 mins
Usual duration 15-30 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Methoxyflurane

A

Methoxyflurane is a inhaled analgesic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the Contras and Indications for Methoxy

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
History of malignant
Known renal impairment
Methoxy administered with in a week
Cautions:
Age greater or equal to 75
Pre-eclampsia (for renal impairment)
Acute exacerbation of chronic pain
Administered in a confined space
Indications:
Moderate to severe pain

Adverse effects:
Sedation
Light headedness

Usual onset:
1-2 mins

Usual duration
2-5 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does Asprin work

A

Asprin is a antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase which results in the reduction in prostaglandins and thromboxane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the Contras and Indications for Asprin

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Third trimester pregnancy
Cautions:
Known bleeding disorder
Clinically significant bleeding
Known worsening of bronchospasm with NSAID’s
Indications:
MI
STEMI

Adverse effects:
Increased bleeding
Indigestion and gastrointestinal ulceration (long term use)
Usual duration:
3-5 days antiplatlet activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does Ceftriaxone work

A

Cerftriaxone is a broad spectrum antibiotic inhibiting the production of the bacterial cell wall causing the bacteria to die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the contras and indications for Ceftriaxone

A

Contras:
Anaphylaxis to cephalosporins
Cautions:
None
Indications:
Suspected meningococcal septicemia
Sepsis where cefazolin is not indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the contras and indication for Glucose gel

A

Contras: None
Cautions: None
Indications:
Hypoglycemia in adults and children providing they can swallow
Hypoglycemia in neonates

Adverse effects: None
Usual onset: 5-10 mins
Usual duration: 30-60 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does Glucagon work

A

Glucagon increases the blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen into glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the contras and indications for Glucagon

A

Contras: known severe allergy
Cautions: None
Indications:
Hypoglycemia when the patient can not safely swallow food and IV can not be obtained

Adverse effects: None
Usual onset: 5-10 mins
Usual duration: 15-60 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does Loratadine work

A

Loratadine is a non-sedating antihistamine which blocks the peripheral histamine receptors, therefore blocking the action of histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the contras and indications for Loratadine

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Age less than 1
Cautions:
Pregnancy
Indications:
Minor allergic reaction confined to skin involvement
Prominent itch associated with anaphylaxis provided all systemic signs of anaphylaxis are resolved

Adverse effects: None
Usual onset: 30-60 mins
Usual duration: 12-24 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Midazolam used for

A

Midazloam is a benzodiazepine, it enhances the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). At these receptors in the nervous system it results in anticonvulsant activity, sedation, amnesia, anxiolysys and muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the contras and indication for Midazolam

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Ages less than 12 (analgesia only)

Cautions:
Altered level of consciousness
Respiratory depression
May worsen signs of shock
Concurrent administration of opiates or ketamine
Aged greater or equal to 75

Indications:
Generalised seizures that continue for more than 5 mins, or seizures that are recurrent
Acute behavioural disturbance (Where droperidol is ineffectvie or unavaliable)
Pain associated with severe muscle spasm
Sedation
Severe anxiety accociated with COPD
Control of anxiety or shorthness of breath that does not respond to opiate during end of life care

Adverse effects:
Sedation
Respiatory depression
Hypotention
Amnesia

Usual onset:
30-60 mins
Usual duraiton:
30-60 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does Ondansetron work

A

This is an antiemetic. It antagonizes (blocks) serotonin receptors centrally in the brain and peripherally in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in reduction in nausea and vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the Contras of Ondansetron

A

Contras: Known severe allergy, Age less than one, Suspected serotonin syndrome

Cautions: None

Adverse effects:
Headache
Flushing

Usual onset:
IV 2-5 mins
IM 5-10 mins

Usual duration:
4-8 hrs

28
Q

How does Prednisone work

A

This is a prodrug that is metabolized to prednisolone in the liver.

Prednisolone is a corticosteroid with ani-inflammatory and immunosuppressant actions. It inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, resulting in reduction in inflammatory and immune response

29
Q

What are the contras/ cautions for Prednisone

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Cautions:
Age less than 5 with asthma

Indications:
Bronchospasm associated with asthma or COPD
Croup
Prominent rash associated with anaphylaxis provided all systemic signs of anaphylaxis are resolved
Minor allergy associated with rash

Adverse effects:
Fatigue
Sodium and water retention
Gastro reflux

Usual onset:
30-60 mins
Usual duration
24 hrs

29
Q

How does Tramadol work

A

This is an analgesic. It has multiple actions within the central nervous system, including opiate receptor stimulation and inhibition of the re-uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin.

30
Q

What are the contras/cautions for Tramadol

A

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Age less than 12

Cautions:
Taken in the last 4 hours
Abdo pain, particularly if vomiting or nauseated
Age greater or equal to 75, particularly is there is a previous history of dementia or confusion
Confusion
Pregnancy

Indications:
Moderate to severe pain, particularlylarly if an opiate or ketamine is not going to be administered

31
Q

How does Amiodarone work

A

Amiodarone is an antidysrhythmic.

It predominately has a class 3 activity and prolongs the action potential. This reduces the automaticity and prolongs the refractory period of atrial nodal and ventricular tissues

32
Q

What are the contras for Amiodarone

A

Indications (Para): Cardiac arrest with VT/VF after first dose of adrenaline
Adults with sust ain VT in the absence of cardiac arrest
Adults with moderate cardiovascular compromise as a results of fast AF or atrial fluttter

Contras: Known severe allergy
Known severe allergy to iodine
VT secondary to cyclic antidepressant poising

Cautions: None if in cardiac arrest
Poor perfusion or lowered CO
Hypotension
AF
Known sick sinus rythum without internal pacemaker
Previous 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
Pregnancy

33
Q

How does Cefazolin work

A

Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against gram Negative and gran Positive bacteria. It inhibits the production of the cell wall causing the bacteria to die

34
Q

What are the indications and contras for Cefazolin

A

Indications:
Sepsis where source of infection appears to be soft tissue or joint and (greater than 12 years old, has 1 or more clinical features indication antibiotics, time to hospital or more than 30 mins)
Compound fracture
Large contaminated wound
Following chest decrompression
Following amputation
Cellulitis

Contras:
Known severe allergy to cephalosporins

Cautions: None

35
Q

How does Ceftriaxone work

A

Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin antibiotic with broad activity against gram neg and gram pos bacteria. It inhibits the production of the cell wall causing the bacteria to die.

36
Q

What are the indications and Contras for Ceftriaxone

A

Indications:
Suspected meningococcal septicaemia
Sepsis where Cefazolin is not indicated

Contras:
Anaphylaxsis to cephalosporins

Cautions:
None

37
Q

How does Clopidogrel work

A

Clopidogrel has antiplatlet activity. It blocks the binding of adenosine diphosphate to platelets and impairs platelet funtion

38
Q

What are the contras and indications of clopidogrel

A

Indications:
STEMI in conjunction with fibrinolytic therapy

Contras:
Known severe allergy

Cautions:
Clinically significant bleeding
At risk of bleeding
Pregnancy

39
Q

How does Droperidol work

A

Droperidol blocks dopamine and alpha receptors centrally, resulting in sedation, reduced agitation and a state of mental detachment and antiemetic action

40
Q

What are the Contras for Droperidol

A

Indications:
Pt’s 12 years or older with a true behavioural disturbance causing mild to moderate risk to safety when olanzapine has not been administered or ineffective
Moderate to severe pain despite opiate analgesia and ketamine is not indicated associated with (chronic or complex pain, chronic use of opiates, severe headache, severe pain accounted with agitation, pain associated with severe nausea or vomiting)
Management of agitation or pain that does not respond to opiate during end of life care
Nausea/vomiting that persists despite Ondansatron

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Age less than 12
Pregnancy (analgesia. And nausea/vomiting only)

Cautions:
Alerted LOC
Parkinson’s
Concurrent administration of Ketamine or midazolam
Age greater or = to 75
Signs of shock

41
Q

How does Enoxaprin work

A

Enoxaprin is a low molecular weight heparin anticoagulant. It potentiates the activity of anti thrombin 3 causin inhibition of multiple coagulation factors

42
Q

What are the contras for Enoxaprin

A

Indications:
STEMI in conjunction with fibrinolytic therapy

Contras:
Known severe allergy

Cautions:
Clinically significant bleeding
At risk of bleeding
Pregnancy

43
Q

How does Fentanyl work

A

Fentanyl is an opiate analgesic. It is a opiate stimulator that binds to opitate receptors in the brain and spinal cord

44
Q

What are the contras of fentanyl

A

Indications:
Moderate to severe pain
CPO with severe anxiety
RSI
Sedation post intubation
Control of pain, agitation, or SOB during end of life care

Contras:
Known severe allergy

Cautions:
Altered LOC
Age less than 1
Respiratory depression or at high risk of respiratory depression
Labour
Concurrent administration of opiates, ketamine or midazolam
Age greater or = to 75
Signs of shock

45
Q

How does Heparin work

A

Heparin is a anticoagulant, It potentiates the activity of antithrombin 3 causing inhibition of multiple coagulation factors

46
Q

What are the contras for Heparin

A

Indications:
STEMI in conjunction with fibrinolytic therapy

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Age greater or = to 75 (higher risk for intra cerebral heamorage

Cautions
Clinically significant bleeding
At risk of bleeding
Pregnancy

47
Q

How does Ketamine work

A

Ketamine has many actions but it predominately an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker resulting in inhibition of excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain

48
Q

What are the contras for Ketamine

A

Indications(PARA only analgesia)

Severe pain that has not been adequately controlled with an opiate
Inducing dissociation
Acute behavioural disturbance causing threat to safety
RSI
Significant movement in CPR interfering with resus
Asthma with severe agitation

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Age less than 1

Cautions
Altered LOC
Signs of shock
Current MI
Concurrent Administration of opiates or midazolam
Age greater or = to 75

49
Q

How does levetiracetam work

A

Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant. It is thought to inhibit siezure activity by blocking some calcium channels and also binding synaptic proteins to modulate neurotransmitter release

50
Q

What are the contras for levetiracetam

A

Indications: Siezure that continues or recurs after 2 douses of midazolam
Siezure activity associated with severe TBI even if seizure activity has ceased following midazolam

Contras: Known severe allergy

Cautions: None

51
Q

How does Lignocaine 1% work

A

Lignocaine is a local anaesthetic. It blocks the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses by blocking the movement of sodium ions across the nerve cell membrane

52
Q

What are the contras for Lignocaine

PARA’s need to seek clinical advice before administration

A

Indications:
Subcutaneous injection for prophylaxis’s of pain associated with IV
Subcutaneous injection for digital rings blocks for analgesia when transport time is less than 60 mins or Ropivacaine is not available
IO injection for significant bone pain with IO administration

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Local infection in the area of injection

Cautions:
Taking an anticoagulant (ring block)

53
Q

How does Metoprolol Tartate work

A

Metoprolol is an immediate release beta blocker. It blocks beta receptors in the heart causing a decrease in heart rate and CO

54
Q

What are the contras for Metoprolol

A

Indications:
Adults with mild or no cardiovascular compromise as a result of fast AF or atrial flutter
Adults with moderate cardiovascular compromise as a result of fast AF or atrial flutter if amiodrone is not available or is contraindicated

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Hypotension

Cautions:
1st degree heart block
Known sick sinus syndrome
Previous 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
Asthma or COPD
Hear failure
Pregnancy

55
Q

How does Midazolam work

A

Midazolam is a benzodiazepine. It enhances the activity of gamma-aminobutyruc acid GABA. At GABA receptors with in the CNS resulting in anticonvulsant activity, sedation, amnesia, anxiolysis and muscle relaxation

56
Q

What are the contras for Midazolam

A

Para (IM & IV for seizures and IM for Acute behavioural distrubance)

Indications:
Generalised seizures that continue for more than 5 mins or are recurrent
Acute behavioural disturbance causing mild to moderate risk to safety
Pain accociated with severe muscle spasm or severe anxiety
Sedation
Sedation post intubation
Severe anxiety associated with COPD
Control of anxiety or SOB that does not respond to opiate during end of life care

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Age less than 12 (analgesia only)

Cautions:
Altered LOC
Resp depression or at high risk of resp depression
Signs of shock
Concurrent administration of opiates or ketamine
Age greater or = to 75

57
Q

How does Naloxone work

A

Naloxone is an opiate receptor blocker. By blocking opiate receptors it reversers the effects of opiates

58
Q

What are the contras of Naloxone

A

Indications: Opiate poisoning is suspected and the pt has a significantly impaired LOC or significantly impaired breathing
Excess adverse effects from administrations of opiates

Contras: Known severe allergy

Cautions:
Chronic opiate use

59
Q

How does Olanzapine work

A

Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic. It has actions at multiple receptors with in the brain causing a reduction in agitation, sedation, anxiolysis and stabilisation of mood

60
Q

What are the contras for Olanzapine

A

Indications: Pt’s aged more or = to 12 with acute behavioural disturbance causing a mild to modaerate risk to safety with the pt will take oral medicine.

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Poisoning with antipsychotic

Cautions:
Pregnancy
Intoxication
Age greater or = to 75

61
Q

How does oxytocin work

A

Oxytocin is a synthetic version of the hormone made in the pituitary gland. It stimulates oxytocin receptors on the uterus, causing increased uterine contraction and deducting blood loss from uterus

62
Q

What are the contras for Oxytocin

A

Indications:
Following normal birth
PPH

Contra:
Known severe allergy

Cautions:
None

63
Q

How does TXA work

A

Tranexamic acid is an anti fibrinolytic. It blocks the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, reducing fibrinolysis and bleeding

64
Q

What are the contras for TXA

A

Indications:
PPH
Clinically significant bleeding or signs of hypovolemia following trauma
Non-traumatic bleeding and shock is severe
Cardiac arrest secondary to trauma
Bleeding following tonsillectomy
Crush injury

Contras:
Known severe allergy
Trauma when TXA will be administered more than 3 hours after time of injury

Cautions:
Non

St John/ Uni (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions