Patho & Pathophis resp 1 Flashcards
What does the upper respiratory tract include
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
What does the lower respiratory tract include
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs
What are serous glands for
they secrete a watery like substance that goes into the plural cavity
What can the lungs be broken down into?
The primary
Secondary
Tertiary bronchus
What is the Pleura
This is a thing transparent double layered serous membrane.
Visceral layer covers the lung & adheres to thoratic wall
Parietal layer - lines pulmonary cavities & adheres to throatic wall, mediastinum & diaphragm
Why is there a space between the pluera
The space is in a serous fluid and allows the lung layers to glide over one another when ventilation is taking place
What is the difference between secondary function and bronchial function
Bronchial circulation distributes blood to conducting airways and supporting lung structures
Secondary function is warming & humidifying incoming air
What actions do the sympathetic and parasympathetic have on the respitory fnction
Sympathetic -responsible for slight smooth muscle constriction, increased glandular secretion
Parasympathetic - airway relaxation, blood vessel constriction, inhibition of glandular secretion
What role to chemoreceptors and lung receptors play in ventalation
Chemoreceptors - monitor levels of oxygen, CO2 & PH
Lung receptors - monitor breathing patterns & lung function
What are the 3 stages vital to oxygenate blood
Ventilation
Oxygenation
Perfusion
Tidal volume - volume of air we move in and out during normal ventilation
Vital capacity - max amount of air a person can exhale when they took their max inhalation
Residual volume - the amount of air left in the lung at all times so that the lung does not collapse
What is the VQ ratio
V- ventilation
Q - perfusion
how they interact defines oxygenation and Hypoxemia
What can lower the ventilation of a patient
This could be caused by conditions where surface area of the lunch is reduced atelectasis, COPD, pneumonia, pneumothorax
What can cause a drop in perfusion in a patient
This occurs in shock, pulmonary embolism, cor pulmonale
What are the two main types of respiratory failure
Hypoxemic (hypoxia)
Hypercapnic
What are some pathological factors that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure
This can be where areas of the lung are ventilated but not perfused or vice versa
you could also have impaired diffusion. This could be due to increased distance for diffusion or decreased permeability
What are some pathological factors that contribute to Hypercapnic respiratory failure
Ventilating insufficiently to clear CO2 and maintain O2 (hypoventilation)
Common causes would be
CNS depressing drugs/TBI
Disease of nerves supplying resp center
Disorders of resp muscles
COPD
Thoracic cage disorders
If someone is in this type is resp failure is it always a good idea to give them high flow O2
No it is not always a good idea. especially in COPD patients. If there is to much O2 available then it can through out the respiratory drive.
What is the Acid base balance
Since when CO2 is being breathed out it is turned into carbonic acid which makes us more acidic if there is a build up of it. This is where our chemoreceptors can sense it and action Resp rate to increase if it there is acidemia to try and blow off the excess CO2
Or try to decrease Resp rate to retain CO2 if there is Alkalemia
What is Bronchiectasis
This is an uncommon form of COPD. It is where the Bronchioles & Bronchi are permanently dilated
What are some signs and symptoms of Bronchiectasis
Fatigue, Shortness of breath and possible weight loss, persistent cough. Patients with this condition are more likely to get infections, due to mucus build up and cilia being cells not working
What is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
This is a blood borne substance that lodges in a pulmonary artery obstructing blood flow
What are the results of a PE
What can happen with a large embolus
Pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure may develop with massive vasoconstriction.
What is a respiratory tract infection
This can be an infection in the upper or lower tracts. These are caused by multiple micro organisms, but most commonly viruses
What are some signs and symptoms of a respiratory tract infection
the signs and symptoms can vary depending on the structures involved. Most produce significant morbidity and mortality
What are some dangers of a Respiratory tract infection
It can damage the epithelium of the alveoli therefore damaging them and restricting the effectiveness of gas exchange. it can also make people more prone to getting secondary infections
What is Pneumonia
This is inflammation of the parenchymal structures (areas of gas exchange) of the lung
What can cause Pneumonia
Pneumonia can be caused either by bacterial infections (typical) or it can be caused by viral infections (atypical)
What is Pleurisy (pleuritis)
This is a inflammation of the pleura and is most common in infectious processes especially pneumonia
What are some symptoms of Pleurisy
Sharp chest pain when breathing, this is because the pleura layers are rubbing against each other
What is a Pleural Effusion
This is a abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. Also an excess rate of formation or decreased lymphatic clearance
What are some different types of Pleural effusion
Some types include hydrothorax (serous fluid) Hemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymphatic fluid) or pyothorax (pus)
How does Pleural effusion affect breathing
This affect breathing because it is taking up more space in the lungs therefore restricting the overall volume of the lungs and decreasing the surface area for gas exchange
What are the 2 types of Pleural effusion
Transudate - where fluid is pushed through the capillary due to high hydrostatic or osmatic pressure
Exudate - this is where fluid leaks around the cells into the capillaries caused by inflammation
What is a Heamothorax
This is where blood gathers inside the pleural space
What can cause a Haemothorax
This is most commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma or a medical issue
What is the difference between a Moderate and a large Haemothorax
Why is a Haemothorax so dangerous
The lungs may collapse from the pressure
there could also be mediastinal shift where the pressure causes the heart and great vessels to be affected
What is a pneumothorax
A pneumothorax is where there is air that gets inside the pleural space
What can cause a pneumothorax
This can be spontaneous with the suspected cause being a rupture of air-filled bleb on lung surface.
Or it can be from a traumatic injury
How does carbon monoxide poisoning affect the respiratory system
it has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen approx. 200x stronger, this means that it impedes on oxygen being delivered causing hypoxia
What are some symptoms of lung cancer
Chronic cough, SOB, Wheezing, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), pleuritic chest pain
