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St John/ Uni > Patho & Pathophis resp 1 > Flashcards

Patho & Pathophis resp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract include

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract include

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs

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3
Q

What are serous glands for

A

they secrete a watery like substance that goes into the plural cavity

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4
Q

What can the lungs be broken down into?

A

The primary
Secondary
Tertiary bronchus

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5
Q

What is the Pleura

A

This is a thing transparent double layered serous membrane.
Visceral layer covers the lung & adheres to thoratic wall
Parietal layer - lines pulmonary cavities & adheres to throatic wall, mediastinum & diaphragm

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6
Q

Why is there a space between the pluera

A

The space is in a serous fluid and allows the lung layers to glide over one another when ventilation is taking place

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7
Q

What is the difference between secondary function and bronchial function

A

Bronchial circulation distributes blood to conducting airways and supporting lung structures

Secondary function is warming & humidifying incoming air

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8
Q

What actions do the sympathetic and parasympathetic have on the respitory fnction

A

Sympathetic -responsible for slight smooth muscle constriction, increased glandular secretion

Parasympathetic - airway relaxation, blood vessel constriction, inhibition of glandular secretion

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9
Q

What role to chemoreceptors and lung receptors play in ventalation

A

Chemoreceptors - monitor levels of oxygen, CO2 & PH

Lung receptors - monitor breathing patterns & lung function

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10
Q

What are the 3 stages vital to oxygenate blood

A

Ventilation
Oxygenation
Perfusion

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11
Q
A

Tidal volume - volume of air we move in and out during normal ventilation

Vital capacity - max amount of air a person can exhale when they took their max inhalation

Residual volume - the amount of air left in the lung at all times so that the lung does not collapse

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12
Q

What is the VQ ratio

A

V- ventilation
Q - perfusion
how they interact defines oxygenation and Hypoxemia

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13
Q

What can lower the ventilation of a patient

A

This could be caused by conditions where surface area of the lunch is reduced atelectasis, COPD, pneumonia, pneumothorax

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14
Q

What can cause a drop in perfusion in a patient

A

This occurs in shock, pulmonary embolism, cor pulmonale

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15
Q

What are the two main types of respiratory failure

A

Hypoxemic (hypoxia)
Hypercapnic

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16
Q

What are some pathological factors that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure

A

This can be where areas of the lung are ventilated but not perfused or vice versa

you could also have impaired diffusion. This could be due to increased distance for diffusion or decreased permeability

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17
Q

What are some pathological factors that contribute to Hypercapnic respiratory failure

A

Ventilating insufficiently to clear CO2 and maintain O2 (hypoventilation)
Common causes would be
CNS depressing drugs/TBI
Disease of nerves supplying resp center
Disorders of resp muscles
COPD
Thoracic cage disorders

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18
Q

If someone is in this type is resp failure is it always a good idea to give them high flow O2

A

No it is not always a good idea. especially in COPD patients. If there is to much O2 available then it can through out the respiratory drive.

19
Q

What is the Acid base balance

A

Since when CO2 is being breathed out it is turned into carbonic acid which makes us more acidic if there is a build up of it. This is where our chemoreceptors can sense it and action Resp rate to increase if it there is acidemia to try and blow off the excess CO2
Or try to decrease Resp rate to retain CO2 if there is Alkalemia

20
Q

What is Bronchiectasis

A

This is an uncommon form of COPD. It is where the Bronchioles & Bronchi are permanently dilated

21
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Bronchiectasis

A

Fatigue, Shortness of breath and possible weight loss, persistent cough. Patients with this condition are more likely to get infections, due to mucus build up and cilia being cells not working

22
Q

What is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A

This is a blood borne substance that lodges in a pulmonary artery obstructing blood flow

23
Q

What are the results of a PE

A
24
Q

What can happen with a large embolus

A

Pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure may develop with massive vasoconstriction.

25
Q

What is a respiratory tract infection

A

This can be an infection in the upper or lower tracts. These are caused by multiple micro organisms, but most commonly viruses

26
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of a respiratory tract infection

A

the signs and symptoms can vary depending on the structures involved. Most produce significant morbidity and mortality

27
Q

What are some dangers of a Respiratory tract infection

A

It can damage the epithelium of the alveoli therefore damaging them and restricting the effectiveness of gas exchange. it can also make people more prone to getting secondary infections

28
Q

What is Pneumonia

A

This is inflammation of the parenchymal structures (areas of gas exchange) of the lung

29
Q

What can cause Pneumonia

A

Pneumonia can be caused either by bacterial infections (typical) or it can be caused by viral infections (atypical)

30
Q

What is Pleurisy (pleuritis)

A

This is a inflammation of the pleura and is most common in infectious processes especially pneumonia

31
Q

What are some symptoms of Pleurisy

A

Sharp chest pain when breathing, this is because the pleura layers are rubbing against each other

32
Q

What is a Pleural Effusion

A

This is a abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. Also an excess rate of formation or decreased lymphatic clearance

33
Q

What are some different types of Pleural effusion

A

Some types include hydrothorax (serous fluid) Hemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymphatic fluid) or pyothorax (pus)

34
Q

How does Pleural effusion affect breathing

A

This affect breathing because it is taking up more space in the lungs therefore restricting the overall volume of the lungs and decreasing the surface area for gas exchange

35
Q

What are the 2 types of Pleural effusion

A

Transudate - where fluid is pushed through the capillary due to high hydrostatic or osmatic pressure

Exudate - this is where fluid leaks around the cells into the capillaries caused by inflammation

36
Q

What is a Heamothorax

A

This is where blood gathers inside the pleural space

37
Q

What can cause a Haemothorax

A

This is most commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma or a medical issue

38
Q

What is the difference between a Moderate and a large Haemothorax

A
39
Q

Why is a Haemothorax so dangerous

A

The lungs may collapse from the pressure
there could also be mediastinal shift where the pressure causes the heart and great vessels to be affected

40
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

A pneumothorax is where there is air that gets inside the pleural space

41
Q

What can cause a pneumothorax

A

This can be spontaneous with the suspected cause being a rupture of air-filled bleb on lung surface.
Or it can be from a traumatic injury

42
Q

How does carbon monoxide poisoning affect the respiratory system

A

it has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen approx. 200x stronger, this means that it impedes on oxygen being delivered causing hypoxia

43
Q

What are some symptoms of lung cancer

A

Chronic cough, SOB, Wheezing, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), pleuritic chest pain

St John/ Uni (23 decks)

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