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St John/ Uni > Patho & Pathophis week 2 > Flashcards

Patho & Pathophis week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Can Hypoxia be diffuse (widespread)

A

YES! Hypoxia is where there is a lack of oxygen in the brain and depending on where the blockage is in the brain it can be wise spread

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2
Q

How long does the glucose and glycogen stores last

A

If blood flow is not restored quickly enough with in
2-4 mins glucose & glycogen stores are exhausted
4-5 mins is when cellular ATP stores are depleted

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3
Q

What does a influx of Sodium and calcium have on the brain

A

Excess sodium: causes neuronal & Interstitial oedema
Excess calcium: Initiates events causing cell death

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4
Q

How do you define a stroke

A

It is the sudden impairment of cerebral circulation resulting in injury/death of brain tissue.

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5
Q

What can a Primary Hemorrhagic stroke be broken into

A
  1. Intracerebral
  2. Subarachnoid
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6
Q

What are 3 different types of primary ischemic stroke

A
  1. Thrombotic blood clot blocks blood flow
  2. Embolic clot travels from somewhere else in the body and blocks an artery in the cerebral cavity
  3. Lucunar is the most common type of ischemic stroke this is where there are occlusions to penetrating arteries providing blood to deep structures in the brain
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7
Q

What is Collateral circulation?

A

This is where other arteries and capillaries can supply the part of the brain that is affected

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8
Q

What are the 2 language defects associates with strokes

A

Dysarthria: speech disorder, imperfect articulation of sounds or changing
Aphasia: is a partial or total loss of language

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9
Q

What are some risk factors for strokes

A
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10
Q

What is the different between a thrombolic & an embolic stroke

A

Thrombolic: is a occlusion that originates in the brain blocking blood flow to an area in the brain
Embolic: is a occlusion that originates somewhere else in the body and moves to the brain

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11
Q

What does stenosis mean

A

Narrowing of vessel

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12
Q

What are the common symptoms of a thrombotic stroke

A
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13
Q

What is a TIA

A

This is a temporary disturbance in focal cerebral blood flow causing ischemia and hypoxia, however reverses before infarction occurs. symptoms usually resolve themselves in minutes to hours

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14
Q

Can a TIA cause irreversible damage to brain tissue

A

TIA’s don’t cause irreversible damage because the clots resolves itself in time, but TIA’s are indications that there might be another larger vessel stroke prevalent

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15
Q

What causes a TIA

A

TIA’s are still caused by atherosclerosis in cerebral vessels or an emboli from another area. however it still irritates the neuronal cells causing ischemia and hypoxia so symptoms are still prevalent

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16
Q

What is a Lacunar stroke

A

There are very small infarcts in deeper non-cortical parts of the brain or in brain stem

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17
Q

What is a embolic stroke

A

This is where the embolism travels from its origin to the brain. These usually show as sudden onset and immediate deficit symptoms
Note: These often originate in the heart and are often caused by AF

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18
Q

What are some other conditions that increase the risk of a Embolic stroke

A

Rhematic heart disease
Resent MI
Ventricular aneurism
Mobile aortic arch atheroma (degeneration of arterial walls cause by accumulation of fatty deposits and scar tissue causing restriction of circulation)
Bacterial carditis (infection of endocardium)

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19
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke

A

It is the most fatal stroke.
It is the sudden rupture of cerebral blood vessels either in intracerebral or subarachnoid.
this can cause focal hematoma, oedema, rise in ICP, exerts pressure on the brain. This can progress rapidly into coma & often death
These usually come on with physical activity
Some common symptoms are headache, vomiting seizures & LOC

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20
Q

What are predisposing factors for a hemorrhagic stroke

A

Age
Hypertension
Trauma
Tumors/blood coagulation Disorders
Vasculitis
Drugs

21
Q

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

This is a rupture into the subarachnoid space which can spread far from site of bleed
Commonly occurring in the circle of Willis
Usually occurring with out prior symptoms, although associated with prolonged hypertension and arterial degeneration
Mortality & morbidity is high

22
Q

What are some symptoms of a intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Sudden headache
Decreased LOC
Hemiplegia
Possible seizures

23
Q

What are predispositions to intracerebral hemorrhages

A

Hypertensive atherosclerosis & cerebral amyloid angiopathy (where proteins build up on the walls of small to medium blood vessels of the CNS and meninges)

24
Q

What are key facts of strokes

A
25
Q

What is the Ischemic Penumbra

A

This is the central core of dead/dying cells destined to die after strokes. Survival of these cells determine on how quickly they get adequate blood flow and oxygen back.

26
Q

Stroke symptoms for different sides of the brain

A
27
Q

What is Bell’s palsy

A

This is a inflammatory disease of the facial nerve, causing inappropriate neural stimulation of muscle fibers

28
Q

How long does this last and does it affect both sides of the face

A

This can affect bilateral or unilateral sides
usually resolving in 1-8 weeks

29
Q

What are some risk factors to Bell’s palsy

A

Tumor
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Upper respiratory tract Infection
Trauma

30
Q

What is Meningitis

A

This is the inflammation of the brain & spinal cord meninges (all 3 layers)

31
Q

Is viral meningitis more serious then bacterial?

A

No viral meningitis is more Common
Bacterial meningitis is more Serious

32
Q

What is the Patho of Meningitis

A
33
Q

Why can meningitis cause amputation

A

This is because the blood is redistributed to vital organs making the peripheral circulation poor resulting in ischemia and eventually hypoxia of the cells

34
Q

What is a common acronym for unconsciousness

A

A - Acidosis, Alcohol
E - Epilepsy
I - Infection
O - Overdose
U - Uraemia (kidney failure)
T - Trauma, Tumour, Toxin
I - Insulin (Hypoglycaemia or DKA)
P - Psychosis, Poison
S - Stroke, seizure

35
Q

How do you define a seizure

A

Temporarily abnormal behaviour caused by an electrical discharge from 1 or more groups of neurons in the brain

36
Q

Why are seizures dangerous

A

They can cause hypoxia, rapid lowering of BGL & Hyperthermia

37
Q

What does idiopathic Epilepsy mean

A

Idiopathic means that there are no known cause. 50% of cases are Idiopathic

38
Q

What are the 2 catagories that Epilepsy can be broken into

A
39
Q

What is the main different between Focal and Generalized seizures

A
40
Q

What are the 2 catagories that Generalized seizures can be broken into

A
41
Q

What are the major motor sizures

A

Tonic Clonic

42
Q

What are Absence Seizures

A

These are generalised Non-convulsive causing disturbance in consciousness.
Typically occurring in children.
Characterised as blank stare motions, can be gone unnoticed

43
Q

Focal Seizures

A

Pro-dome is where someone can determine if they are going to have a seizure this can be days or hours before seizure activity starts
Aura happens right before a seizure starts and is a warning that one is about to happen.

44
Q

What are some symptoms of Auras

A

Dejavu
vision problems
Dizziness
Headache
nausea
vision problems
odd smells/taste
Numbness or pins and needles
feeling of intense fear
(NOT ALL PATIENTS HAVE AURAS)

45
Q

What is a temporal lobe (complex focal seizure)

A

This seizure begins in a localised area & may progress to both hemispheres
The Auras are
unusual smell, taste smell or visual disturbances

46
Q

What is status epilepticus

A

Is someone who has had a seizure for longer than 30 mins or has had multiple & the patient has not retuned to their normal GCS.

47
Q

What is the Postical state

A

There is post seizure and can present with tiredness, confusion, agitation & amnesia. this usually last 5-60 mins

48
Q

What are some indications the patient could be continuing to siez

A

Rhythmic eye movements, dilated pupils, persistent tachycardia or failure to improve they could still be seizing

St John/ Uni (23 decks)

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