past exams Flashcards
A Labrador is an example of a (dolichocephalic/ mesocephalic/ brachycephalic) breed.
mesocephalic
Release of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach contributes to the (enzymatic chemical /mechanical /microbiological / non-enzymatic chemical) digestion of food.
non-enzymatic chemical
given a picture of duodenum epithelium
what are 4 layers from outer to inner
Options are Tunica adventitia, Tunica mucosa, Tunica submucosa, Tunica serosa, Tunica muscularis
A: tunica mucosa
B: tunica submucosa
C: tunica muscularis
D: tunica serosa
longer papilla on lateral aspect of tongue are
Conical
conical papilla function
direct food into the pharynx during swallowing
Saliva is a complex secretion resulting from the activities of several glands. Identify the four (4) major salivary glands of common domestic species and indicate which one (1) of them is only present in carnivores.
parotid, mandibular, sublingual and zygomatic (only in carnivores)
(there is a pic here to go with it that shows mixed gland) The mandibular salivary gland in a dog is a:
Serous-secreting gland, which produces a watery secretion that may contain enzymes
Mixed gland with both mucous and serous elements
Mucous-secreting gland, which produces a lubricating secretion called mucin
Mixed gland with both mucous and serous elements
Describe the dental formula of an adult cat
2(I3/I3, C1/C1, P3/P2, M1/M1) = 30
Contraction of the (lateral pterygoid/ digastric/ masseter/ temporalis) muscle opens the jaw.
digastric
Swallowing is a complex event. During swallowing, the (temporalis /masseter /basihyoid/ geniohyoid) muscle contracts, which moves the hyoid and the base of the tongue rostrally and dorsally.
geniohyoid
At the upper oesophageal sphincter, the oesophagus sits (dorsal to/ventral to/to the left of/to the right of) the trachea. As the oesophagus passes down the neck, it travels to the (left/right) -hand side, where it can be observed when a nasogastric tube is passed.
dorsal to
left
Parietal cells, what secretion
Hydrochloric acid
chief cells what secretion
Pepsinogen and prorenin
mucous neck cells what secretion
Alkaline mucus that protects epithelium
The lesser omentum is made up of two ligaments: the ______ ligament, which connects the liver to the stomach, and the _____ ligament, which connects the liver to the duodenum.
hepatogastric
hepatoduodenal
The small intestine has a large surface area, which facilitates absorption. One anatomical feature which contributes to this are projections of lamina propria and epithelium known as (villi/plicae circularis/microvilli), which are covered with absorptive cells called (enterocytes/enteroendocrine cells/parietal cells/goblet cells/paneth cells)
villi
enterocytes
Which of the following arteries supplies blood to the jejunum?
- Coeliac artery
- Internal iliac artery
- Caudal mesenteric artery
- Cranial mesenteric artery
- Cranial mesenteric artery
The function of the gall bladder is to (store and concentrate bile/produce bile/detoxify blood/synthesise protein). However, the (horse/cat/cow/dog) does not have a gall bladder, and its sphincter of Oddi is non-functional. In species that have a gall bladder, the presence of food containing fat in the duodenum stimulates the endocrine cells of the GI tract to release (secretin/CCK/gastrin/GIP), which relaxes the sphincter of Oddi and contracts the gall bladder.
store and concentrate bile
horse
CCK
The right lobe of the pancreas is closely associated with the (liver/stomach/spleen/duodenum).
duodenum
The islets of Langerhans are small masses of endocrine cells scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas; 70–80% of cells in the islets are (alpha cells/ non-granular C cells/ beta cells/ delta cells), which produce (insulin/CKK/glucagon/somatostatin).
beta cells
insulin
The (reticulum/rumen/omasum/abomasum) does NOT have a muscularis mucosa present.
rumen
The horse is an obligate nasal breather. The soft palate extends caudally from the hard palate to the level of the (guttural pouch/oesophagus/trachea/epiglottis), completely separating the oropharynx from the nasopharynx, except during deglutition
epiglottis
Which of the following hormones is involved in the extrinsic endocrine control of the GI tract?
- Gastrin
- Aldosterone
- Secretin
- Motilin
Aldosterone
Slow waves are a unique feature of GIT smooth muscle. Slow waves are initiated and controlled by specialised cells within the GIT called interstitial cells of Cajal.
(a) What are slow waves?
(b) Do slow waves directly cause muscle contraction?
(c) When will a muscle contraction occur in relation to a slow wave?
(d) How can the resting membrane potential be “primed” to generate an action potential leading to muscle contraction?
(a) rhythmic fluctuations in resting membrane potential due to changes in intracellular calcium levels
(b) no
(c) the potential of the slow waves builds until it overcomes a threshold which in turn causes muscle contraction
(d) through parasympathetic input, the cell membrane is depolarised making the action potential more likely to overcome the threshold for muscle contraction
Which of the following is characteristic of the digestive phase of small intestinal motility?
- Complete relaxation of small intestinal smooth muscle
- Adaptive relaxation
- Short waves of peristalsis that die out after a few centimetres, and non-propulsive contractions of 3–4 cm segments of inner circular muscle
-Migrating motility complexes consisting of waves of peristaltic contractions that pass over the entire length of the small intestine
Short waves of peristalsis that die out after a few centimetres, and non-propulsive contractions of 3–4 cm segments of inner circular muscle
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) combine within the cytoplasm of parietal cells and centroacinar cells to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3). The carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3–).
(a) What is this reaction catalysed by?
(b) What is the main hormonal stimulus for centroacinar and duct cells?
(c) What stimulates the release of this hormone?
(a) carbonic anhydrase
(b) secretin
(c) low pH chyme in proximal duodenum
During the process of hydrolytic digestion, molecules of (water/fatty acid/glucose/guanine) are consumed.
water
Considering the functional differences between foregut and hindgut fermenters, indicate whether each activity or condition (row) is more likely to be associated with foregut or hindgut fermentation
a) Detoxification of ingested toxic compounds is more likely
b) Proteins (amino acids) from bacterial death are available for absorption by the animal
c) Sizes of particles can be reduced through rumination
d) Dietary glucose is highly available for absorption by the animal
a) foregut
b) foregut
c) foregut
d) hindgut
Which of the following statements about absorption of volatile fatty acids by ruminants are CORRECT? Select all that apply.
a) Absorptive cells lining the gastrointestinal tract change the microenvironment at their surface to facilitate absorption of the volatile fatty acids.
b) The proportion of volatile fatty acids available for absorption can change with the dietary source of the animal.
c) Volatile fatty acids in the disassociated state are more likely to be absorbed.
d) Volatile fatty acids are primary absorbed by the small intestine.
a)
b)
c)
true or false
In ruminants, nitrogen for protein synthesis in the microbiome of the rumen is only available with food or food supplements the animal eats.
false
true or false
In horses, urea recycled by the animals across the walls of the caecum and colon can be used as a source of nitrogen for protein synthesis by the microbiome.
true
The microbiome of the rumeno-reticular system of cattle can be best described as:
a) A highly diverse assemblage consisting of true bacteria only, which constitutes a symbiotic community that benefits the cattle host by providing nutrients through digestion of indigestible plant material
b) A highly diverse assemblage of bacteria, archaeans, ciliates, fungi, and phages (viruses that attack microbes), which constitutes a community that takes advantage of the bovine host’s ability to digest cellulase through enzymes produced by that bovine host
c) A highly diverse assemblage of bacteria, archaeans, ciliates, fungi, and phages (viruses that attack microbes), which constitutes a symbiotic community that benefits the cattle host by providing nutrients through digestion of indigestible plant material
d) A highly pathogenic community of bacteria, archaeans, ciliates, fungi, and phages (viruses that attack microbes) that must be kept from invading the stomach by a keratinised lining
c) A highly diverse assemblage of bacteria, archaeans, ciliates, fungi, and phages (viruses that attack microbes), which constitutes a symbiotic community that benefits the cattle host by providing nutrients through digestion of indigestible plant material
true or false
In the ruminant gastrointestinal tract, the greatest numerical density of microbial organisms is found in the small intestine.
false
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using glycogen to store energy
glycogen
Advantages:
Rapid Mobilization: Glycogen can be quickly broken down into glucose for immediate energy, making it ideal for short-term energy needs, especially during high-intensity activities.
Water Solubility: Glycogen is stored in a form that is readily accessible in the bloodstream, facilitating quick energy release.
Short-Term Energy Supply: Glycogen is particularly useful for activities that require quick bursts of energy, such as sprinting or weightlifting.
Disadvantages:
Limited Storage Capacity: The storage capacity of glycogen is relatively small which may not be sufficient for prolonged activities.
Water Weight: Glycogen storage requires water (approximately 3-4 grams of water per gram of glycogen), which can add to body weight and may be less efficient for endurance events.
Easily Depleted: Glycogen stores can be quickly exhausted during prolonged exercise or fasting.
Which word is best defined by the following: “An edible material that provides nutrients”?
Ration
Nutrients
Carnivore
Food
food
Which of the following feeding behaviours typically results in an animal with a combination of sharp teeth (for shearing through meat) and flat molars (for grinding plant matter)?
Concentrate selectors
Grazers
Obligate carnivores
Omnivores
Omnivores
Grazing animals preferentially select feeds that maximise the availability of energy and provide them with positive experiences. This can be referred to as:
Nutritional wisdom
Meal choice
Avoidant eating
Herd health
Nutritional wisdom
Which of the following is the chemical formula of a triose monosaccharide?
- C3H6O3
- C5H10O5
- C6H12O6
- C4H8O4
C3H6O3
(3 carbons)
What is the main form of energy storage in domestic animal species?
Fat
Muscle
Carbohydrates
Calcium
Fat
Which domestic species is MOST likely to suffer from vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency?
- Guinea pigs
- Horses
- Cats
- Cattle
Guinea pigs
Are pasture animals in Queensland more likely to experience calcium or phosphorus deficiency?
Phosphorus deficiency
Which of the following statements is NOT true of legumes?
Legumes belong to the family Leguminosae.
Legumes generally have a lower protein content than grasses.
Legumes grow in a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Legumes are generally more drought hardy than grasses.
Legumes generally have a lower protein content than grasses.
Casein is an example of a:
Processed animal protein
Cereal grain
Plant protein meal
Forage food
Processed animal protein
Indicate which of the recognised grazing behaviours are connected to each species
Options are sheep or cattle
a) Better suited to pastures with less overall roughage but high variance of feed available
b) Prefer to consume large amounts of high-fibre feed
c) Prefer leaf material (over stems) and green material (over browned material)
d) Poorly selective intake
e) Avoid material with physical irritants (e.g., prickles)
f) Better suited to mature pastures with little variance
a) sheep
b) cow
c) sheep
d) cattle
e) sheep
f) cattle
Which of the following statements is TRUE in relation to nutrition recommendations for pregnant canines?
Pregnant bitches should never be fed a commercially available puppy diet.
Feeding a diet rich in organ meats is desirable during pregnancy.
Calcium supplementation is desirable during pregnancy.
Pregnant bitches have a higher metabolic demand for nutritional energy sources after week 4–5 of gestation.
Pregnant bitches have a higher metabolic demand for nutritional energy sources after week 4–5 of gestation.
Which of the following would be appropriate to recommend to a client with an obese companion animal?
Transition diet to Hills Metabolic food
Reduce daily food intake by 50%
Aim for rapid weight loss: at least 5% of body weight per week
Reduce current exercise levels
Transition diet to Hills Metabolic food
Why is nutrition important in the general health care of companion animals?
Optimal nutrition supports healthy growth and development so they are physically and mentally at their best for quality of life
Optimal nutrition (a diet with a balance of essential vitamins and minerals) helps maintain a strong immune system and thus prevent diseases and conditions such as obesity, heart failure, arthritis
Name two (2) essential fatty acids in the mammalian diet.
Linoleic acid
Alpha-linolenic acid
Over a 24-hour period, a cow consumed 10 kg of hay, which had a dry matter content of 8.5 kg. She excreted 3 kg of dry matter in her faeces.
(a) What is the formula used to calculate dry matter digestibility? (1 mark)
(b) Calculate the digestibility of the hay consumed by this cow.
a) (Weight of feed consumed - weight of feed excreted) / weight of feed consumed )
b) 8.5 - 3 / 8.5 → 5.5 / 8.5 = 0.647 = approximately a digestibility of 65%
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using triglycerides to store energy.
Advantages:
High Energy Density: Triglycerides provide a much higher energy yield (about 9 kcal/g) compared to glycogen (about 4 kcal/g), making them efficient for long-term energy storage.
Large Storage Capacity: The body can store large amounts of triglycerides in adipose tissue, allowing for significant energy reserves for extended periods without food.
Sustained Energy Release: Triglycerides are ideal for low-intensity, prolonged activities, providing a steady source of energy.
Disadvantages:
Slower Mobilization: The process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids for energy is slower compared to glycogen, making them less suitable for immediate energy needs.
Not Water-Soluble: Triglycerides are stored as fats, which are not readily accessible in the bloodstream like glucose from glycogen, leading to longer mobilization times.
Requires Oxygen for Metabolism: The oxidation of fatty acids requires more oxygen than glucose metabolism, making it less efficient during high-intensity activities where oxygen is limited
Compare and contrast how phosphorylation and gene expression regulate metabolic pathways.
Phosphorylation regulates metabolic pathways by quickly activating or inhibiting enzymes through the addition of phosphate groups, providing short-term control.
In contrast, gene expression regulates by changing the amount of enzyme produced, leading to long-term changes in metabolism.
Phosphorylation acts fast and is reversible, while gene expression is slower but more sustained.
Describe how lack of leptin leads to obesity in ob/ob mice.
In ob/ob mice, the lack of leptin leads to constant hunger and increased food intake because the brain doesn’t receive signals to stop eating. It also causes reduced energy expenditure, resulting in severe obesity due to excessive fat accumulation.
Which one of the following statements BEST describes the dolichocephalic classification of head shape?
Select one alternative:
A rounded cranium with a short nose.
A normal, average shape of a skull.
A long, narrow head and nose.
It is the correct classification for a Beagle
A long, narrow head and nose.
Which one of the following papillae is involved in the transduction of taste (i.e., contains taste buds)?
Filiform papillae -
Lenticular papillae -
Vallate papillae -
Conical papillae -
Vallate papillae
The ‘anatomic’ crown of a tooth contains the tissue termed (pulp, dentine, cementum, enamel).
enamel
There are four (4) large, ‘proper’ salivary glands, which are generally a combination of tubular and alveolar patterns and have a complex system of ducts. Which of the following is one of the four (4) large, major salivary glands?
Palatine gland
Lingual gland
Sublingual gland
Labial gland
Sublingual gland
Tonsils are classified according to their position in the pharynx. In the carnivore, there are large, non-follicular tonsils that lie in the tonsillar fossa just caudal to the palatoglossal arches. These are called the
Select alternative (pharyngeal tonsils, tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils).
palatine tonsils
During deglutition (swallowing), the glottis (opening of the airways) is covered to prevent the bolus of food/liquid from entering the trachea. Which one of the following structures covers the glottis during this process?
Epiglottis
Styloglossus
Soft palate
Hyoglossus
Epiglottis
Fundic glands contain four (4) types of secretory cells: mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Pepsinogen and prorenin are zymogens, which are converted to the active enzymes pepsin and renin in the gastric lumen, where they help to break down protein. Pepsinogen and prorenin are secreted by which of one the following types of cells?
Select one alternative:
Enteroendocrine cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Mucous neck cells
Chief cells
The terminal region of the small intestine is termed the (duodenum, descending colon, ileum, jejunum).
ileum
The large surface area of the small intestine facilitates absorption. Which one of the following structures does NOT contribute to this large surface area?
Villi
Microvilli
Glycocalyx
Plicae circularis
Glycocalyx
The stomach and the small intestine play different roles in the digestive process. This is reflected by a change in the wall of the digestive tract, mainly in the tunica mucosa. As you move aborally (away from the mouth) through the duodenum, which one of the following structures disappears?
Villi
Brunner’s glands
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Pyloric glands
Pyloric glands
The stomach rotates during development. At the level of the stomach, the ventral primitive mesentery will become the (mesenteries, visceral peritoneum, lesser omentum, greater omentum).
lesser omentum
he root of the mesenteries is the site of origin for the (cranial mesenteric, external iliac, caudal mesenteric, coeliac) artery.
cranial mesenteric
Which one of the following organs lies in the retroperitoneal space?
Spleen
Stomach
Liver
Kidneys
Kidneys
During development there is a temporary, but normal, herniation of the intestine through the umbilicus into the umbilical cord. An omphalocoele is an abdominal wall defect through which various abdominal organs can protrude. This congenital defect can be mild or severe. The omphalocoele occurs as a result of a failure of which stage(s) in the development of the intestines?
Re-entry and placement
Completion
Growth and rotation
Herniation and coilin
Re-entry and placement
When does full secretory activity of the stomach occur?
After birth
Just prior to birth
Halfway through gestation
Three quarters of the way through gestation
After birth
in the diagram of the liver lobules upclose
green triangle is
grey hexagon is
the diamond/ oval shape is
portal lobule
hepatic lobule
hepatic acinus
The species of domestic animal that has a right medial AND a right lateral lobe of the liver is the
(horse, cow, sheep, pig)
pig
When an animal with a gall bladder ingests food that contains some fat, the gallbladder is
signalled to contract. The presence of fat in the proximal (duodenum,
jejunum, ileum, pylorus) stimulates (absorptive cells, enteroendocrine
cells, enterocytes, goblet cells) in the mucosa to produce (motilin, secretin,
gastrin, cholecystokinin), which signals the gall bladder to contract.
duodenum
enteroendocrine cells
cholecystokinin
The islets of Langerhans are small masses of endocrine cells scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas. Identify the substances that the different types of cells in the pancreatic islets produce. (options are somatostatin, insulin, glucagon, pepsin)
alpha
beta
delta
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin
The longitudinal muscle layer in the intestines in some species are thickened, forming distinct longitudinal bands that are called taenia along the intestines. Which one of the following species does NOT have taenia?
Horse
Pig
Sheep
Cat
Cat
In pigs and ruminants there is a fatty protrusion in the lesser curvature of the pylorus, which serves to narrow the pyloric opening. This fatty protrusion is known as the (pyloric sphincter, saccus caecus, diverticulum ventriculi, torus pyloricus)
torus pyloricus
The ascending colon in pigs and ruminants forms a spiral loop. Which one of the following correctly describes the structure of the spiral colon in ruminants?
a) The spiral loop is flat, disc-shaped, and has several centripetal loops terminating in a central flexure. It then turns and heads back into parallel centrifugal loops.
b) The spiral colon is composed of 3 ½ centrifugal turns (towards outer), enclosing tightly coiled returning centripetal turns (towards centre), which lead out of the base of the cone into the transverse colon.
c) The spiral loop is flat, disc-shaped, and has several centrifugal loops terminating in a central flexure. It then turns and heads back into parallel centripetal loops.
d) The spiral colon has 3 ½ centripetal turns, enclosing tightly coiled returning centrifugal turns, which lead out of the base of the cone into the transverse colon
d) The spiral colon has 3 ½ centripetal turns, enclosing tightly coiled returning centrifugal turns, which lead out of the base of the cone into the transverse colon
honeycomb; Which compartment of the ruminant stomach has folded epithelium that forms hexagonal “cells”
Reticulum
The histological section shown above is of a region of the complex stomach. This section shows three (3) layers of smooth muscle in the laminae. In which compartment is this feature
observed?
Omasum
There are five (5) major gastrointestinal hormones that are part of the intrinsic endocrine system.
Which one of the following hormones is produced in the distal stomach and stimulates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid?
Gastrin
In the horse, there is a raised border between the glandular and non-glandular regions of the stomach. What is this ridge called?
Margo plicatus
Guttural pouch
Diverticulum ventriculi
Saccus caecus
Margo plicatus
Briefly, using short notes or dot points, identify the four (4) functions of movement in the digestive tract.
Propel ingesta from one location to the next.
Retain ingesta for digestion, absorption, and storage.
Physically break up food and mix it with secretions.
Circulate ingesta so it can be absorbed at the luminal surface.
Describe the dental formula of a dog in the following format:
X(I X/X, C X/X, P X/X, M X/X) = XX
2(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3) = 42
Fundic glands have three (3) main types of secretory cells, one of which is the parietal cell.
Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl), which can be upregulated in response to certain stimuli.
a) Water (H O) and carbon dioxide (CO ) combine within the cytoplasm of the parietal cell to produce carbonic acid (H CO ). What is this reaction catalysed by?
b) The carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H ) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO ). What is the name of the proton pump that transports hydrogen ions into the lumen of the canaliculi?
c) At rest, the number of proton pumps in the parietal cell membrane is minimal, with more proton pumps being sequestered within “tubulovesicles” – canicular precursors. However, the parietal cell membrane is dynamic, with the number of canaliculi rising and falling according to secretory need. Tubulovesicles fuse with the membrane to increase surface area, increasing the number of proton pumps in the membrane, which increases acid production. Identify the three (3) ways in which the production of gastric acid is increased.
a) carbonic anhydrase
b) Hydrogen/Potassium ATPase Ion Pump
c)
1) Histamine: Stimulation of H2 Histamine receptors, leading to increased fusing of tubulovesicles to the membrane and an increase in surface area.
2) Acetylcholine: Stimulation of G-cells via acetylcholine to produce gastrin, which stimulate parietal cells to produce more HCl. Food entering the stomach stimulates this process via distension of stretch receptors, causing afferent stimulation of the enteric nervous system.
3) Gastrin: Peptides from protein digestion activate G-cells, which secrete gastrin. Gastrin directly stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl.
The greater omentum has two (2) layers, a superficial layer and a deep layer. In the ruminant:
(a) What groove of the rumen does the superficial layer of the greater omentum arise from?
(b) What groove of the rumen does the deep layer of the greater omentum arise from? (1 mark)
(c) What do both the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum attach to, to form the supraomental recess? (1 mark)
a) Left Longitudinal groove
b) Right longitudinal groove
c) Ventral descending duodenum + greater curvature of abomasum
Which of these ruminant stomach compartments are involved in fermentation?
rumen
Which of these ruminant stomach compartments is the true “glandular” stomach?
abomasum
The microbiome of the rumen of a day-old calf born by vaginal delivery will contain microbial populations most similar to that of the (reproductive tract of the dam, skin of the dam, semen of the bull, soil of pastures).
reproductive tract of the dam
Briefly outline one (1) way by which the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract can protect the host from pathogenic organisms.
producing immunoglobulins
The ciliates are abundant components of the luminal microbiome. Briefly outline one (1) way in which the ciliates interact with other members of the microbiome community, and the consequence of the interactions.
Remove protozoa from rumen which reduces methane production and increases amino acid supply or
Ciliates produce Hydrogen which some prokaryotes use to produce metabolic byproducts
Which one of the following statements is a reason why ruminants require a community of microbes in their rumen?
Ruminants, as with other mammals, do not produce cellulases needed to break down the major components of plant cell walls.
Rumination is an important component of the digestive process in ruminants. What is rumination? In your answer, list one (1) advantage to the digestive process brought about by rumination.
Rumination is a complex digestive process in ruminant animals, such as cows, where food is initially swallowed, then regurgitated from the rumen back to the mouth for further chewing and mixing with saliva, before being re-swallowed for fermentation and digestion in the stomach chambers
advantage; increasing SA for fermentation
Voluntary feed intake is affected by:
Environmental factors only
Nutritional status of the animal only
Internal body, digestive tract, psychological, and environmental factors
Protein amount in the diet
Internal body, digestive tract, psychological, and environmental factors
hirst is important for maintaining (bone structure, adequate weight, hormonal balance, body fluid homeostasis) and may arise from deficits in either intracellular or extracellular fluid volume.
body fluid homeostasis
The MOST important reason to maintain a healthy ecology of microbes in the rumen of sheep and cattle is to optimise the supply of (glucose, VFA, amino acids of microbial origin,
VFA and amino acids of microbial origin) to the small intestine.
VFA and amino acids of microbial origin
Compared to dogs and cats, the availability of protein to metabolism in ruminants is MOST dependant on:
The correct balance and amount of vitamins in the diet
Optimisation of the microbial ecology in the rumen
The balance and amount of essential amino acids produced in the hind gut
The balance of essential amino acids in the diet
Optimisation of the microbial ecology in the rumen
Which one of the following statements about silage is MOST CORRECT?
Silage is an excellent method of preserving high moisture forages at optimal nutritional composition (CP, ME, vitamins).
Even if correct ensiling conditions are maintained, silage will degrade rapidly.
Silage is a poor low-cost drought feed.
Silage is easily affected by fire and vermin.
Silage is an excellent method of preserving high moisture forages at optimal nutritional composition (CP, ME, vitamins)
Chronic deficiency of vitamins:
Depends on the daily water intake of an animal
Cannot happen because vitamins can be synthesised in ample amounts in the body
Is unlikely to cause any physical signs
Is likely to cause physical signs
Is likely to cause physical signs
Which one of the following minerals is MOST likely to cause a toxicity if accidentally added to a formulated pelleted diet in excessive amounts?
Phosphorus
Iron
Selenium
Calcium
Selenium
Processing sorghum grain by grinding it into a powder and correctly heat-treating it by steam flaking or extruding it would MOST likely achieve which of the following?
Increase feed intake but reduce feed conversion ratio
Increase feed intake and feed conversion ratio
Destroy important minerals
All of the above
Increase feed intake and feed conversion ratio
The term “roughage” when applied to stockfeed USUALLY includes:
Pastures and their conserved products
Plant proteins such as soybean meal and canola meal
Grains such as wheat and barley
All of the above
Pastures and their conserved products
The nutritive value of a hay or pasture for grazing animals is defined by:
Available nutrient content and the balance thereof relative to animal requirements
Potential level of intake
Palatability
All of the above
All of the above
In ruminants, fresh green pasture, compared to grains such as wheat and barley, is a richer source of (digestible energy, fat-soluble vitamins, starch, metabolisable energy).
fat-soluble vitamins
Which one of the following vitamins or vitamin mixes are MOST likely to directly enable blood clotting and bone health?
The water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin B complex
Vitamin K
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Biochemical factors in feeds MOST often considered to be anti-nutritional include:
Nitrates, tannins, mycotoxins
Crude protein and NDF
Copper and selenium
All of the above
Nitrates, tannins, mycotoxins
Glucose is the primary fuel of the central nervous system. Compare and contrast the processes by which glucose is obtained from feed in cattle and dogs.
Similarities:
- Both require glucose for maintenance of cells.
- Both are capable of creating glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Contrast
- Cattle rely on gluconeogenesis to produce glucose much more than dogs.
- Cattle have a diet of cellulose, vs a dog’s high-variety diet of proteins, fats, carbohydrates.
- Cattle obtain glucose from the diet via the fatty acids produced by the rumen microbes via fermentation of cellulose. Fatty acids are absorbed via the intestinal lumen, travel to the liver, and undergo gluconeogenesis to produce glucose.
- Dogs can obtain glucose directly via breakdown of carbohydrates, breakdown of muscle and liver glycogen, and also gluconeogenesis.
Metabolic pathways can be regulated at many different time scales, from sub-second to months.
Describe and contrast two (2) different mechanisms of metabolic pathway regulation.
Change in amount of protein ligands like hormone directly enters membrane to nucleus and binding to transcription factor, thus altering transcription of specific genes and causing a change in gene expression and protein profile.
→ slow change (days-week) but huge effect
Activation of preformed precursor protein by covalent modification
Hydrolyse or phosphorylase
E.g. pro-insulin to insulin
protein kinase A adding Phosphate group into glycogen phosphorylase
→ medium
Non-covalent binding: Allosteric activation or inhibitor alter activity of existing enzymes
→ fast sub second
The hormone glucagon acts to increase blood glucose concentrations. Describe the consequences of glucagon action that mediate this effect.
Glucagon slows down glycolysis of liver by inhibiting enzymes involved in irreversible reactions [phosphorylation of these enzymes]
Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver
glucacgon stimulates liver: glycogen is depolymerized back into glucose, which is excreted from liver cells into blood
stimulates adipose tissue: release of fatty acids and glycerol from fat –> back into blood: doesn’t effect glucose concentration directly but then other things such as muscle can use these fats instead of using glucose (alternative energy source)
Which of the following statements is correct? Auerbach’s plexus in the GIT:
A. Is part of the parasympathetic nervous system found in the tunica mucosa.
B. Is part of the enteric nervous system found in the tunica submucosa.
C. Is part of the enteric nervous system found in the tunica muscularis.
D.Is part of the parasympathetic nervous system found in the tunica submucosa.
C. Is part of the enteric nervous system found in the tunica muscularis.
Which of the following structures are ALL found in the ileum of the dog?
A. Lamina propria, outer circular muscle, Brunner’s glands, villi
B. Muscularis mucosa, crypts of Lieberkühn, microvilli, enterocytes
C. Outer longitudinal muscle, Meissner’s plexus, villi, lamina propria, Chief cells
D. Auerbach’s plexus, submucosa, centroacinar cells, muscularis mucosa
B
A wrong bc brunners galnds in duodenum
C wrong because chief cells found in gastric glands of stomach
D wrong bc centroacinar cells in exocrine pancreas
Which of the following is not found in the abomasum?
A. tunica mucosa
B. tunica serosa
C. muscularis mucosa
D. stratified squamous epithelium
D. stratified squamous epithelium
The stomach of the horse is distinct because it has:
A. Diverticulum ventriculi, extensive cardiac glandular region
B. Saccus caecus , extensive cardiac glandular region
C. Oesophagus and pylorus close to each other, margo plicatus
D. Diverticulum ventriculi, extensive non-glandular cardiac region, torus pyloricus
C. Oesophagus and pylorus close to each other, margo plicatus
Which of the following teeth are ALL hypsodont?
A. Canine teeth in horses
B. All bovine teeth
C. All cheek teeth in horses, pigs and cattle
D. All incisor teeth in horses
D. All incisor teeth in horses
Which of the following salivary glands lies immediately ventral to the eye in the dog?
A. Zygomatic gland
B. Mandibular gland
C. Parotid gland
D. Sublingual gland
A. Zygomatic gland
Which of the following are ALL part of the mesenteries of the dog?
A. Mesojejunum, ileocaecal fold, mesopancreas
B. Ileocaecal fold, mesocolon, superficial leaf of the greater omentum
C. Mesocolon, mesoduodeum, hepatogastric ligament, broad ligament
D. Both A and B
B. Ileocaecal fold, mesocolon, superficial leaf of the greater omentum
A. Cranial duodenum exits pylorus on left, sternal flexure receives bile and pancreatic ducts, descending duodenum runs caudally right abdomen, pelvic flexure, ascending duodenum runs cranially left abdomen, forms duodenocolic fold with descending colon, jejunum, ileum, caecum
B. Cranial duodenum exits pylorus on right, proximal duodenum receives bile and pancreatic ducts, descending duodenum runs caudally left abdomen, ascending duodenum runs cranially right abdomen forming duodenocolic fold with descending colon, then jejunum, ileum, caecum.
C. Cranial duodenum exits pylorus on right, proximal duodenum receives bile and pancreatic ducts, descending duodenum runs caudally right abdomen, caudal flexure, ascending duodenum runs cranially, forming duodenocolic fold with descending colon, then jejunum, ileum, caecum
D. Exits pylorus on left, descending duodenum left abdomen, forms duodenocolic fold with ascending colon, ascending duodenum right abdomen, jejunum, ileum, caecum
C. Cranial duodenum exits pylorus on right, proximal duodenum receives bile and pancreatic ducts, descending duodenum runs caudally right abdomen, caudal flexure, ascending duodenum runs cranially, forming duodenocolic fold with descending colon, then jejunum, ileum, caecum
Which of the following arteries ALL supply the gastro-intestinal tract?
A. Splenic artery, left gastric artery, caudal mesenteric artery, phrenicoabdominal artery
B. Hepatic artery, cranial mesenteric artery, external iliac artery
C. Renal artery, left gastric artery, caudal mesenteric artery
D. Hepatic artery, caudal mesenteric artery, splenic artery
D. Hepatic artery, caudal mesenteric artery, splenic artery
The tunica mucosa of the duodenum of the horse is characterised by:
A. Intestinal crypts, villi, no absorptive cells, enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells, no Paneth cells, goblet cells
B. Intestinal crypts, no villi, absorptive cells, some enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells, Paneth cells, goblet cells
C. No intestinal crypts, villi, absorptive cells, some enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells, no Paneth cells, no goblet cells, thick mucus that limits bacterial penetration
D. Intestinal crypts, villi, absorptive cells, enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells, Paneth cells, goblet cells
D: Intestinal crypts, villi, absorptive cells, enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells, Paneth cells, goblet cells
