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VETS1003 > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

3 primordial germ layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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2
Q

mesoderm separates into 2 layers

A

splanchnic layer and somatic layer

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3
Q

space inbetween splanchnic layer and somatic layer forms

A

the coelom

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4
Q

coelom is main

A

body cavity in most animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs

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5
Q

endoderm forms the

A

primitive gut

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6
Q

the primitive gut (formed by endoderm) later invaginates to form 3 main components;

A
  • the foregut; blind ending
  • the midgut; connected to yolk sac
  • hindgut; blind ending
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7
Q

the foregut becomes

supplied by what artery

A

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, proximal duodenum, gall bladder

coeliac artery

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8
Q

the midgut becomes

supplied by what artery

A

Duodenum distal to bile duct, jejunum, yolk stalk in umbilical cord (vitelline duct), ileum, caecum, ascending colon and part of transverse colon

cranial mesenteric artery

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9
Q

hindgut becomes

supplied by what artery

A

Distal transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, proximal anal canal

caudal mesenteric artery

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10
Q

ecotderm becomes

A
  • epithelium of oral cavity
  • outer portion of anal cavity
  • teeth
  • nerves
  • skin
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11
Q

mesoderm becomes

A
  • lamina propria
  • submucosa
  • muscle layers
  • serosa/ adventitia
  • blood and lymph vessels
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12
Q

endoderm becomes

A
  • mucosal epithelium
  • mucosal glands
  • liver and pancreas (glandular parts)
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13
Q

organogenesis

A
  • formation of digestion tract
  • thickening of the wall
  • elongation of tube –> coiling and twisting
  • dilations; stomach and caecum
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14
Q

in organogenesis what region develops first

what layer of muscles develops first (circular or longitudinal layer of tunica muscularis)

A

cranial regions differentiate first

circular layer first

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15
Q

esophagus links

A

pharynx to stomach

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16
Q

esophagus elongates with:

it is first:

then:

A
  • neck and thorax
  • ciliated
  • stratified squamous epithelium
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17
Q

does the esophagus have a mesentery or serosa

A

no never

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18
Q

initial development of stomach: which part of gut

A
  • first slight swelling in foregut, flattened laterally
  • initially in neck region then moves caudally with elongation
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19
Q

stomach: what border grows faster; dorsal or ventral

A

dorsal border grows faster (greater curvature)

ventral slower (lesser curvature)

20
Q

stomach development

A
  1. Dorsal border grows faster than ventral
    → Greater curvature & lesser curvature
  2. Elongates and curves
  3. Rotates on long axis so greater curvature lies on left
  4. Displaced by liver, greater curvature turned caudal
  5. Fundic region arises as a bulge cranially
21
Q

when do mucosal glands form in stomach, when does secretory activity occur

A
  • mucosal glands form halfway through gestation
  • full secretory activity (especially parietal cells) not until after birth
22
Q

intestines have fast growth with limited space which leads to

A

looping and coiling

23
Q

stages of development of intestines

A
  1. Growth and rotation.
  2. Herniation and coiling. Here the expanding knot of intestines
    protrudes out into the extra‐embryonic coelom of the yolk stalk.
  3. Re‐entry and placement.
  4. Completion
24
Q

(stage 1 growth and rotation) early intestinal tube is divided into _____ loops by the attachment of the :

A

cranial and caudal loops
yolk sac

25
Q

(stage 1 growth and rotation)

cranial loop of early intestine becomes

caudal loops of early intestine becomes

A

small intestine

ileum and large intestine

26
Q

(stage 1 growth and rotation)

elongation of the early intestine allows it to move

A

ventral and clockwise rotation (from dorsal viewpoint)

27
Q

(stage 2 herniation and coiling)

caudal loop has an out pouching just caudal to yolk sac that becomes

A

the caecum

28
Q

(stage 2 herniation and coiling)

the cranial loop that grows faster and coils which becomes the

A

jejunum

29
Q

(stage 2 herniation and coiling)

The increasing mass of the intestine, together with the growth of the liver and the fact that the abdominal cavity lags a little in growth means that the intestines can no longer fit within the abdominal cavity. They herniate through the

A

umbilicus into the umbilical cord (about 1/6th of the way through gestation)

temporary umbilical hernia

30
Q

(stage 2 herniation and coiling)

all of the intestine herniates (umbilical hernia) except the

A

duodenum and terminal portion of caudal loop (eventually forms descending colon)

31
Q

(stage 3 Re‐entry and placement)

what grows to provide extra space for intestines

A

abdominal cavity

32
Q

(stage 3 Re‐entry and placement)

the intestine returns to abdominal cavity; what order and where

A

jejunum first; fills left side of abdomen

then descending colon to the left

then cecum and ascending colon on right

33
Q

(stage 4 completion)
what occurs

A

Intestines assume adult configuration

Final growth of caecum & ascending colon, especially in horse

Rotation of 270 degrees around root of mesentery

34
Q

omphalocoele

A

abdominal wall defect, intestines present outside abdomen

35
Q

some malformations that can occur

A

umbilical hernia, a fistula, or a diverticula

local narrowing of intestine: stenosis

closure of intestine: atresia

36
Q

umbilical hernia

A

part of intestine protrudes through wall of abdominal cavity around umbilicus

37
Q

meckel’s diverticulum

A

remnant of the vitelline duct or yolk sac (aka omphalomesenteric duct) , associated with
the distal ileum

38
Q

In early development, which primordeal germ layer seperates into two layers: the splanchnic layer and the somatic layer?

A

mesoderm

39
Q

The endoderm forms the primitive gut. Which compartment of the endoderm forms a wide connection with the yolk sac?

A

Midgut

40
Q

The organs supplied by the coeliac artery are derived from which of the regions?

A

Foregut

41
Q

The hindgut becomes which of the following organs?

A.
Oesophagus

B.
Gall bladder

C.
Ascending colon

D.
Descending colon

A

Descending colon

42
Q

Which layer of the tunica muscularis develops FIRST?

A

circular layer

43
Q

The epithelium of the oesophagus is initially ciliated, before transitioning to statified squamous epithelium. At what point during gestation does this transition occur?

A

Halfway through gestation

44
Q

The dorsal border of the stomach grows __________ than the ventral border, producing the __________ curvature of the stomach.

A

faster; greater

45
Q

When does full secretory activity of the stomach occur?

A

after birth

46
Q

An omphalocoele occurs when intestines, or other abdominal organs, present in the umbilical cord result in a defect in the abdominal wall. This occurs as a result of a failure of which of the stages in the development of the intestines?

A

Re-entry and placement

47
Q

The early intestinal tube is divided into cranial and caudal loops, based on the attachment of the yolk sac. The cranial loop does NOT form the:

A.
Duodenum

B.
Jejunum

C.
Cranial part of the ileum

D.
Caecum

A

Caecum

VETS1003 (23 decks)

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