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VETS1003 > digestive anatomy intro > Flashcards

digestive anatomy intro Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of digestive tract

A
  • digestion; food broken down or converted into form where it can be absorbed
  • absorption; released nutrients are taken up by mucosal cells after food is digested
  • motility; the GI tract transports food as well as digestive secretions
  • elimination of waste; anything that hasn’t been absorbed is expelled from the body
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2
Q

break down of food into small enough parts requires

A

enzymes, secreted in mouth, stomach, pancreas and small intestine

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3
Q

buccal cavity

A

aka oral cavity, teeth, tongue and pharynx

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4
Q

oesophagus in birds is

A

enlarged into crop

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5
Q

small intestine consists of

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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6
Q

large intestine consists of

A

colon, caecum and rectum

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7
Q

extrinsic glands/ organs consist of

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver

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8
Q

fore-gut fermenters

A

fermentation takes place BEFORE reaching glandular stomach and small intestine

(ruminants)

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9
Q

hind gut fermesters

A

fermentation takes place in large intestine and caecum (AFTER food passed through stomach and SI)

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10
Q

cardiovascular system and interaction with digestive system

A

Blood supplies digestive organs with O2 and energy (processed nutrients)

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11
Q

endocrine system and interaction with digestive system

A

hormones help regulate digestive gland and accessory organ secretion

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12
Q

integumentary system and interaction with digestive system

A

helps protect digestive organs

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13
Q

lymphatic system and interaction with digestive system

A

mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue defends against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipid; lymphatic vessels transport lipids to circulation

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14
Q

muscular system and interaction with digestive system

A

skeletal muscles provide support, protect abdominal organs and aid in defecation

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15
Q

nervous system and interaction with digestive system

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons
Intrinsic (enteric nervous system) and extrinsic (autonomic nervous
system – sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Regulate secretions and muscle contraction in the digestive tract

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16
Q

respiratory system and interaction with digestive system

A

Provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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17
Q

skeletal system and interaction with digestive system

A

Protect and support digestive organs

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18
Q

urinary system and interaction with digestive system

A

Aid calcium absorption in the small intestine (via vitamin D activation)

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19
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively constant internal environments

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20
Q

homeostasis requires

A
  • Consistent monitoring: Feedback, usually negative, sometimes positive or pre-emptive
  • Capacity to make changes and adjust internal environment: integrated endocrine and neural response
  • Defence against external environment; Microbes, Temperature, Water
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21
Q

paracrine response

A

refers to a hormone which only has effect in
close proximity of the gland secreting it; the signalling cell is close
to the target cell.

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22
Q

endocrine response

A

hormonal secretion; secreting endocrine cell into blood and to distant target cell via receptors

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23
Q

other functions of digestive system not including nutritional functions

A

excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, immunity

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24
Q

to maintain healthy gut:

why

A

presence of food is essential; enterocytes rely of food to maintain tight junctions between cells

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25
Q

without food in the system:

A

the permeability
increases and undigested food particles, bacteria and toxins can cross over into the
bloodstream, which can result in sepsis.

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26
Q

MECHANICAL processes of digestion

A

Prehension
Mastication
Deglutition
Rumination
Storage
Motility of the wall
Defecation
Vomiting

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27
Q

CHEMICAL processes of digestion

A

enzymatic or non-enzymatic

28
Q

CHEMICAL processes of digestion:

stomach releases pepsinogen (an enzyme precursor) and acid (non enzymatic secretion) into the lumen, what happens?

A

The acid activates pepsinogen to form
pepsin which is an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds ‐ protein digestion. The
acid also causes the proteins to unravel and lose their 3‐D structure, aiding in the
breakdown of those bonds by pepsin

29
Q

SECRETORY processes of digestion

A
  • includes external glands: salivary glands, liver or pancreas
  • and internal glands: secretory cells which reside in walls of stomach and intestine
30
Q

microbiome

A

community of organisms living together in a specific habitat

31
Q

microbiota

A

all living members forming microbiome:
bacteria, protozoa, archaea, fungi, algae

32
Q

mono =gastric

A

one stomach ie simple stomach

33
Q

ruminants

A

to chew over again; rumen, 4 stomachs

pseudo-ruminants; camelids, 3 stomachs

34
Q

hind gut fermenters

A

can survive from lower quality forage

seen in monogastric herbivores

35
Q

giant panda is a member of the carnivores but is

A

entirely vegetarian

so the true taxonomic relationships of herbivore, omnivore, carnivore doesn’t necessarily mean diet

36
Q

carnivores have

A

meat eating teeth, simple stomach, short intestine

if animal also consumes non-animal food, they are omnivores

37
Q

omnivores

A

variety of food
intermediate length digestive tract, medium length intestines

38
Q

herbivores

A
  • long intestines
  • teeth for mechanical grinding
  • cellulose in plant cell walls cannot be digested by mammalian enzymes
  • micro-organisms needed
  • fermentation chamber
39
Q

coprophagy

A

eating own feces; increase the effectiveness of digestion

40
Q

frugivores

A

animal eats mostly raw fruits or roots, shoots, nuts and seeds

41
Q

insectivores

A

eat insects, worms and other invertebrates

42
Q

sanguinivores

A

consume blood

43
Q

4 major tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

43
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers surface of body, and lines body cavities and hollow organs, specialized according to function

44
Q

connective tissue

A

supports and binds other tissues together, also includes blood and bone marrow

45
Q

connective tissue consists of 3 main components

A
  • fibers (elastin or collagen fiber, ground substance and cells)
  • connective tissue cell nuclei
  • collagen fibers
46
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • smooth muscle (around organs; involuntary contraction)
  • skeletal muscle (involved in locomotion and posture)
  • cardiac muscle (heart)
47
Q

nervous tissue

A

regulates and controls the function and activity of the body using both electrical and chemical messengers to
conduct signals from one part of the body to another

48
Q

4 tunics of tube of the esophagus to the rectum from inner to outer

A
  • tunica mucosa
  • tunica submucosa
  • tunica muscularis (aka muscularis externa)
  • tunica serosa
49
Q

3 layers of tunica mucosa (inner most layer) from inner to outer

A
  • epithelium; stratified squamous or simple columnar
  • lamina propria; connective tissue
  • muscularis mucosa; smooth muscle
49
Q

epithelium is derived from

A

embryonic endoderm

50
Q

what layer gives rise to the glands

A

epithelial layer

51
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

provides protection from abrasion; seen in skin and in non-absorbable areas of GIT ex esophagus

52
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

elongated cells have lots of cytoplasm, helps them undergo cellular processes, helps in digestion and absorption, often excretory or absorptive or both ex in stomach and intestines

53
Q

Enterocytes;

A

absorptive cells of intestine, are simple columnar epithelial cells, line inner surface of small and large intestine, have microvilli to increase SA for absorption

Enterocytes also
secrete hormones such as leptin.

54
Q

glycocalyx;

A

surface coat sitting on apical membrane containing digestive enzymes

55
Q

Base of cell

A

basolateral membrane

56
Q

Lamina propria

A
  • Layer of loose connective tissue
  • Contains immune cells, small blood vessels (capillaries) and lymphatic vessels (lacteals)
  • Carry absorbed nutrients away from GIT and into the circulation
57
Q

Muscularis mucosae (last layer of Tunica mucosa)

A
  • Layer of small muscle
  • Separates the connective tissue layers of the lamina propria and submucosa
58
Q

Tunica submucosa (second tunic)

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Lies directly beneath mucosa
  • Contains blood and lymph vessels
  • Also contains nerves; submucosal/ meissner’s plexus
  • May or may not contain glands
  • Important for surgery; strength layer because contains larger bundles of collagen fibers
  • Want to make sure we suture into submucosal layer
59
Q

Tunica muscularis (aka muscularis externa)

A
  • Made up of 2 layers of muscle
  • Inner circular muscle; contracting down to mix and propel food
  • Outer longitudinal muscle; propels wave along as contraction is going
  • Auerbach’s nerve plexus (myenteric plexus)
  • Sometimes there is an additional muscle layer
60
Q

submucosal plexus aka meissner’s plexus

A
  • found in tunica submucosa
  • This is a
    critical part of the digestive tract’s nervous system. It provides nervous control to
    the mucosa
61
Q

Auerbach’s nerve plexus aka myenteric plexus

A
  • found in tunica musculari
  • this is one of two principle components of the enteric nervous system.
62
Q

Tunica serosa/ adventitia

A

Tunica serosa
- Connective tissue covered by mesothelium tissue in abdomen
- Fluid so nothing sticks

Tunica adventitia (no mesothelium layer, don’t need fluid, don’t need the slip)
- Connective tissue that blends with surround connective tissue form other organs
- Neck, thorax and anal region

63
Q

Regulation of the GI tract
Intrinsic innervation (enteric nervous system ENS)

A
  • Submucosal and myenteric (aurbach’s) plexuses
  • Local regulation of GI tract
  • Paracrine secretion; molecules acting locally
  • Hormonal secretion; secreted by the mucosa
64
Q

Regulation of the GI tract
Extrinsic innervation

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) stimulate motility and GI secretions
  • Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) reduce peristalsis and secretory activity

VETS1003 (23 decks)

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