oral cavity Flashcards
dolicocephalic
narrow head
mesaticephalic aka mesocephalic
average skull
brachycephalic
rounded head, short nose
functions of oral cavity
- Selection
- Prehension
- Mastication
- Ensalivation
- Forming a bolus
- Swallowing/deglutition
boundaries of oral cavity
lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate, tongue, floor
vestibule
space between soft tissue (lips and cheeks) and the teeth and gums
paired incisive ducts
where the oral cavity communicates with the nasal cavity
The fissure on either side of the incisive papilla papilla is the oral opening of the incisive duct.
connected to VMO in some species
incisive papilla
A small eminence located just caudal to the central incisor
teeth
The fissure on either side of the papilla is the oral opening of the incisive duct.
caudally the oral cavity is continuous with the oropharyns, through the
isthmus faucium (passage to oropharynx)
VMO
vomeronasal organ aka Jacobson’s organ
receptors sense pheromones especially sexual odours
flehmen response; increases opening of the ducts
Which of the following classifications of head shape refers to a normal or average shape of skull?
Mesaticephalic
A brachycephalic breed:
Has a rounded cranium, with a short nose
Which of the following is NOT a function of the oral cavity?
Ensalivation
Absorption
Mastication
Deglutition
Absorption
Which of the following statements BEST describes the dolichocephalic classification of head shape?
A long, narrow head and nose
Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the oral cavity?
Lips
Cheeks
Hard palate
Pharynx
Pharynx
Mucous membrane are normally:
Pink, with a capillary refill time of 1–2 s
The vertical median groove in the upper lip is known as the:
Philtrum
The internal surface of the cheeks may have papillae in which of the following species?
cow
Which of the following bones does NOT contribute to the hard palate?
Incisive
Palatine
Maxilla
Occipital
occipital
In some species, the cranial portion of the hard palate is free of ridges and is covered by thick cornified epithelium, in lieu of upper incisive teeth. This is known as the dental pad. Which of the following animals has a dental pad?
cow
The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth in the midline by the:
Frenulum
Which muscle of the tongue is involved in curling the tongue?
Genioglossus
Which of the following papillae is mechanical in function?
Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Conical papillae
Fungiform papillae
conical papillae
Which of the following nerves is NOT involved in sensing taste (the innervation of taste buds)?
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Which of the following papillae is involved in the transduction of taste (i.e., contains taste buds)?
Filiform papillae
Vallate papillae
Lenticular papillae
Conical papillae
vallate papillae
mucous membranes
moist from glands: (labial, buccal, lingual)
salivary glands
good blood supply
CRT 1-2s
CRT prolonged
indication of decreased peripheral perfusion
grey white of muddy mucous membranes
hypovolaemia or anemia
yellow mucous membranes
jaundice
philtrum
vertical median groove (middle of upper lip)
purple to red mucous membranes
septic
rima oris
where the dorsal and ventral lips come together
opening that food goes in
commissures of the slips
laterally where the lips come together (corner of the mouth)
lips covered with skin, with short and long sensory hairs and occasional whiskers called
vibrissae
skin of lips covers a fibroelastic layer and the ______ muscle
orbicularis oris
internally the lips are covered with
labial mucosa, which is continuous with gingivae (gums)
mucous is stratified squamous, and is keratinized if the diet contains a lot of roughage, such as in horses and ruminants
some ______ are present in the margins of the mouth; especially in horses; very mobile lips
labial glands
internal cheek skin covered by
stratified squamous epithelium; usually smooth but may have aborally directed papillae such as in ruminants
floating
sharp edges of teeth filed away to prevent damage to mucosa of cheeks
mucosa is supplied with secretions from the
buccal glands (arranged into dorsal and ventral groups)
the dorsal buccal gland in carnivores
zygomatic gland; large and discrete
the ducts of the zygomatic salivary gland (dorsal buccal gland in carnivores) open into the
vestibule near the last molar
what bones make up hard palate
incisive, maxilla and palatine
hard palate is divided into 2 fused halves by a
median raphe;
each half is thrown up into a number of crescent shaped ridges or rugae
hard palate covered by
thick stratified squamous epithelium
usually lacks glands
under epithelium there is rich venous plexus
in ruminants the cranial portion of hard palate is called
what is it covered with
the dental pad; free of ridges and covered by thick cornfield (layers of dead keratinized cells) stratified squamous epithelium
where do you find incisive ducts in ruminants
lie either side of incisive papilla (on dental pad) behind first pair of incisors
what species does not have incisive ducts
horse
soft palate extends from
causal edge of hard palate
tongue root
attached to hyoid apparatus and surrounding connective tissue
apex of tongue
tip
sulcus of tongue
line down the middle
lyssa
on midline under mucosa, thin hard cord that extends from apex to level where frenulum attaches
frenulum
ventral surface is attached to the floor of the mouth in the midline
torus
in ruminants; big prominence over caudal part of body and root of tongue, generates negative pressure for suction
intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles of tongue
- intrinsic; actually within the tongue, dorsal and have many fibres with connective tissue and fat
- extrinsic; originate outside of tongue, more ventral, responsible for major movement
muscles of tongue are all innervated by
hypoglossal nerve
styloglossus
- from stylohyoid
- elevates and retracts
- long, thin, lateral
hyoglossus
- from basihyoid
- depresses and retracts
genioglossus
- from medial surface of rostral mandible
- runs dorsal, rostral and causal
- depresses, moves rostral and curls
geniohyoid
- mandibular symphysis to basihyoid
- move hyoid (and tongue) rostral
tongue papillae (this isn’t all of them)
- filiform; mechanical, all over tip of tongue
- conical; mechanical, bigger filiform, in ruminants found on side of tongue, over root of tongue longer spiky looking, direct food back
- lenticular; mechanical; flat and rounded, mainly on torus to enhance suction
- fungiform; taste, also found on rostral 2/3s so with the filiform, they are bigger and darker
- vallate; taste, v shaped crescent array, found 2/3 way back from tip
surface of tongue is lined by
stratified squamous epithelium, may be keratinized
raised bumps called papillae; mechanical or for taste
taste buds
have specialized receptor cells in them that respond to chemical stimuli thats present in food/ drink
conical papillae
very large filiform papillae, are mechanical in function, and
are typically found over the root of the tongue, pointing caudally and serving to direct the food into the pharynx during deglutition, or swallowing.
lenticular papillae
flat, rounded papillae, mainly on the torus, in ruminants. They may function to enhance suction of the tongue to the hard palate.
fungiform papillae
round protrusions, kind of like mushrooms. They have a thin
layer of epithelium studded with taste buds on the free surface. The comparatively rich blood supply to these gives them a red or pink appearance. They are typically
found on the rostral two‐thirds of the tongue, but you might find a few on the dorsal surface of the root.
vallate papillae
aka s circumvallate papillae. They are very large, and are typically found on the dorsal surface of the tongue, two‐thirds of the way back from the tip of the tongue, in a V‐shaped or crescent‐shaped array. Each papilla is surrounded by a deep groove, with taste buds on the side of the papilla
foliate papillae
found in two dorsolateral groups, just rostral to the palatoglossal
arches. Each grouping forms an ovoid array of leaf‐like transverse papillae. They are separated by deep clefts or crypts, into which serous glands discharge. Taste buds are found on the sides of the clefts.
marginal papillae
found in young pups, and help to seal the lips around the nipple, preventing milk from being spilled. They are lost as the pups’ diet changes from milk to solid food.
histology of taste buds
- pale- staining ovoid bodies
- sit on dermal papillae
- extend from basal lamina of stratified squamous epithelium
epithelium over each taste bud is perforated by the
taste pore
under the taste pore 2 cell types appear;
- supporting cells; spindle shaped with free ends surrounding the inner taste pore
- neuroepithelial cells; skebder with short taste “hairs” protruding to inner taste pore
taste but innervation
complex, input to CNS vis facial nerve (CN VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and vagus nerve (CN X)
lingual tonsils
- aggregated lymph nodules around root of tongue
when lingual tonsils are large such as in cows, can have;
in cats and dogs and small ruminants;
- deep invaginations or crypts lined w stratified squamous epithelium and frequently filled with degenerating lymphocytes
- lymphatic tissue is diffuse and not grossly visible
