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VETS1003 > intestines > Flashcards

intestines Flashcards

1
Q

intestines connect ____ to ____

A

pylorus to anal canal

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2
Q

small intestine consists of

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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3
Q

large intestine consists of

A

caecum, colon, rectum

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4
Q

main functions of intestine

A
  • transport
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • concentrate and lubricate residues for excretion
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5
Q

main function of small intetsines

A

digestion and aborption

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6
Q

main function of large intestine

A

water and electrolyte transport

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7
Q

small intestine: digestion: intense glandular secretion from:

A
  • enzymes from mucosa
  • enzymes and bicarb ions from pancreas
  • bile from liver
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8
Q

ingesta are mixed with secretions in small intestine by

A

muscles

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9
Q

duodenum 3 parts:

A
  • cranial part (become cranial flexure)
  • descending duodenum (turns into caudal flexure)
  • ascending duodenum
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10
Q

cranial parts of duodenum (first part) runs to ____ of abdomen

A

RHS, and dorsally along the visceral surface of liver, where it becomes cranial flexure

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11
Q

cranial flexure of duodenum (first flexure) is closely related to

A

liver and pancreas, and receives bile and pancreatic ducts

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12
Q

how is the cranial flexure of the duodenum attached to the liver

A

by the hepatoduodenal ligament

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13
Q

the hepatoduodenal ligament attaches

A

cranial flexure of duodenum to the liver

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14
Q

the descending duodenum runs caudally and is supported by the

A

mesoduodenum

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15
Q

the descending duodenum is ____ to the right kidney and turns ________ in the caudal flexure

A

caudal
left and cranially

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16
Q

the ascending duodenum passes ____ to merge with the jejunum

A

cranially

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17
Q

where does the duodenum merge with the jejunum

A

at the duodenojejunal flexure

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18
Q

the ascending duodenum is attached to the descending colon by the

A

duodenocolic fold of mesentery

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19
Q

duodenocolic fold of mesentery attaches

A

ascending duodenum to descending colon

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20
Q

what is the longest part of the small intestine

A

jejunum

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21
Q

what mesentery supports the jejunum

A

mesojejunum

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22
Q

mesojejunum is long and allows

A

considerable movement of the jejunum

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23
Q

mesenteries originate at the base of

A

cranial mesenteric artery, where the artery and mesenteries form the “root of the mesenteries”

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24
Q

jejunum large occupies the _____ space in the abdomen (but easily moved but other organs enlarge ie pregnancy)

A

ventrocaudal

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25
Q

ileum is the

A

short, last part of the small intestine

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26
Q

length or ileum is indicated by the presence of

A

an artery (anti-mesenteric ileal branch)

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27
Q

how long is the ileum in the dog roughly

A

10cm

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28
Q

how is ileum attached to ceacum

A

iliocaecal fold

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29
Q

ileum is supported by which mesentery

A

mesoileum

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30
Q

where does ileum end

A

ileal orifice (iliocolic junction) which is at or near caecocolic junction

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31
Q

what sphincter prevents reflux of large intestine contents

A

ileocolic sphincter

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32
Q

how is duodenum, jejunum and ileum different histologically

A
  • patterns of folds and villi
  • distribution of glands and ducts
  • distribution of lymphatic tissue
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33
Q

describe histological change as you move from pylorus –> duodenum

A

gastric pits –> intestinal villi

pyloric glands –> intestinal glands (crypts of lieberkuhn) and duodenal submucosal glands (brunners glands)

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34
Q

plicae circularis

A

circular folds in the mucosa and submucosa which increase SA in small intestine for absorption

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35
Q

in small intestine, projections of lamina propria and epithelium are

A

villi

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36
Q

villi in small intestine are covered by epithelial cells which have ____ of the surface

function?

A

microvilli

increase SA for absorption

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37
Q

2 main cell types in small intestine epithelium

A
  • enterocytes; absorptive cells (columnar epithelial cells)
  • goblet cells

also enteroendocrine cells

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38
Q

in small intestine there is a fast turnover of epithelial cells at the tips of the villi, these cells are replaced in the

A

crypts of lieberkuhn (intestinal glands)

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39
Q

enterocytes (absorptive cells) in small intestine form what kind of epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli

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40
Q

surface membrane of small intestine has a glycocalyx, which is

A

jelly-like protective coat of glycoproteins , contains a number of digestive enzymes

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41
Q

goblet cells contribute a mucous coating to glycocalyx in small intestine via

A

mucopolysaccharides

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42
Q

near apical membrane of the epithelium of the small intestine (made of enterocytes) there is an

A

unstirred water layer,

Here the liquid flows through the small
intestine at a much slower rate than rest of lumen. In this unstirred water layer,
mucous and the glycocalyx form an important barrier to diffusion. Nutrients must
pass through this before being absorbed.

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43
Q

tight junctions between enterocytes (epithelium of SI) form a band near the apical membrane and are permeable to

but impermeable to

A

H2O and electrolytes

organic molecules

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44
Q

below tight junctions, enterocytes (which make up epithelium of SI) are unattached creating a

A

lateral space

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45
Q

how do nutrients exit the enterocytes of SI

A

through the basolateral membrane and enter the bloodstream

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46
Q

goblet cells secrete (small intestine)

A

mucin; protein polysaccharide

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47
Q

enteroendocrine cells also present in epithelium of SI, they are

A

basal, triangular and lie on basement membrane between absorptive cells (enterocytes)

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48
Q

some enteroendocrine cells (SI epithelium) have a process which extends to

A

free surface of epithelium

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49
Q

enteroendocrine cells (present in SI epithelium) contain dense

A

basally situated granules w an intranuclear golgi apparatus

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50
Q

enteroendocrine cells (present in SI epithelium) are endocrine cells which mean they secrete

A

hormones, including secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin

(they also secrete serotonin and bradykinin)

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51
Q

enteroendocrine cells (present in SI epithelium) are endocrine cells which mean they secrete hormones, including secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin

what do these do

A

regulate motility and secretory activity of the gut, pancreas, liver and gall bladder

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52
Q

crypts of liberkuhn are in which layer of intestines

A

lamina propria

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53
Q

lamino propria of intestine is

A

loose connective tissue with elastic fibers; makes up core of villi and fills space between glands

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54
Q

crypts of lieberkuhn

A

intestinal glands; simple branched tubular glands

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55
Q

lamina propria of intestines contains

A

lymphatic tissue, glands and blood and lymph vessels

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56
Q

cells in the crypts of lieberkuhn

A

The outer parts have a cell population similar to that of the
epithelium: absorptive (enterocytes) , goblet and enteroendocrine cells

The bases of the crypts
have less clearly differentiated cells and a high mitotic index.

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57
Q

in crypts of lieberkuhn (intestinal glands) new cells are formed at

A

base of crypts and move up to replace cells lost at tips of villi

cells have lifespan of about 5 days

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58
Q

lamina propria of each villus contains

A

lymphocytes, capillaries and central lacteal (which is a central lymph vessel)

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59
Q

what does the central lymph vessel or lacteal do (present in lamina propria of each villus)

A

drains each villus
into a larger plexus of lymph vessels in the submucosa. The lacteals play an important
role in the transport of absorbed fat. This is synthesized into chylomicrons in the
absorptive cells. These chylomicrons enter lacteals in the villi, and are carried in the
lymph to the bloodstream.

( just FYI By contrast, water‐soluble materials that are absorbed
from the gut enter the blood, and are carried first to the liver in the hepatic portal
vein)

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60
Q

describe the blood vessels in lamina propria of each villus

A

Each villus has one (or two) arteriole(s)

Form extensive capillary network

Drained by two venules

Drain to larger veins → hepatic portal vein
→ liver

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61
Q

Both blood and lymph pumped through villi via

A

Contractions of muscularis mucosae

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62
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

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63
Q

lamina propria also contains aggregated lymph nodules while play important role in

A

protecting animal against invasion of microorganisms

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64
Q

lamina propria also contains aggregated lymph nodules which increase in size and frequency as you move

A

caudally in small intestine

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65
Q

in the ileum the aggregated lymph nodules are called

A

Peyer’s patches, extend into submucosa

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66
Q

Epithelial cells overlying the peyer’s patches are

A

frequently flattened,
with extremely long microvilli, and the surface is often free of villi and glandular
crypts

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67
Q

submucosa of intestines made up of

A

dense connective tissue (denser than lamina propria) with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers

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68
Q

what kind of glands are present in the submucosa

A

brunner’s glands (duodenal glands)

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69
Q

submucosa contains an extensive

A

venous plexus connecting with arteries: arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA’s)

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70
Q

Meissner’s plexus is prominent in which layer

A

submucosa

71
Q

brunner’s glands

A

simple branches tubular- acinar or alveolar glands, (duodenal glands); found in cranial duodenum in carnivores

72
Q

brunner’s glands open into the

A

base/ fundus of crypts of lieberkuhn

73
Q

secretion of brunner’s glands, what and why

A

alkaline, mucoid and viscous, plays a role in protecting cranial duodenum against acidic gastric secretions

74
Q

tunica muscularis
structure and function

A
  • circular (inner) & longitudinal (outer) muscle layers
  • mix and move contents caudally
75
Q

where does auerbach’s plexus lie

A

between layers of tunica muscularis

76
Q

ileal sphincter is formed from ____ layer of tunica muscularis

A

circular (inner)

77
Q

tunica serosa of intestines

A

loose connective tissue, continuous w mesentery

78
Q

large intestine; caecum

A
  • blind-ending part of large intestine
  • starts at caecocolic orifice (dog)
  • in humans, ends in vermiform appendix
79
Q

how is ceacum joined to the colon

A

at the ileocaecal orifice

80
Q

3 main divisions of simple colon

A

ascending, transverse and descending

81
Q

ascending colon

A

from caecum, cranially on right

82
Q

transverse colon

A

from right to left, cranial to cranial mesenteric artery (root of mesenteries)

83
Q

descending colon

A

on left, caudal to rectum

84
Q

when you view the colon ventrally it forms a

A

?

85
Q

most obvious difference between the small and large intestines is

A

absence of
villi in the large intestine

flatter, more blocky surface

86
Q

are there villi in the mucosa of large intestine? are there crypts?

A

no villi
yes crypts

87
Q

walls of caecum, colon, and rectum are

A

v similar

although there is a progressive increase in the number of mucous goblet cells
towards the distal regions

88
Q

crypts of large intestine are ____ than in small intestine

A

deeper

88
Q

in large intestine lymph nodules are present and especially prominent in

A

in the rectum in the terminal region where the wall is thrown up into longitudinal folds

89
Q

the tunica serosa of large intestine compared to small intestine

A

continues as in
the small intestine, except on the terminal portion of the rectum, where it is replaced
by a tunica adventitia of fibrous connective tissue

90
Q

the jejunal mass lies _______ and is covered by _____

A

ventral and lateral
greater omentum

91
Q

when stomach is distended the jejunum mass is displaced

A

dorsally and to the right

(usually its ventral and lateral)

92
Q

location of caecum (carnivores)

dogs vs cats

A

short, on RHS of abdomen

usually located just cranial to caudal duodenal flexure

dogs; points caudal (terminal twist)
cats; v short

93
Q

in radiographs how do you often see caecum

A

see small gas caps

94
Q

colon in carnivores, what is it supported by

A

short and simple
supported by short mesocolon

95
Q

does the colon move

A

no generally fixed in position

96
Q

descending colon lies close to ______ connected to it by the _______

A

ascending duodenum
duodenocolic fold

97
Q

rectum

A

straight terminal part of large intestine

98
Q

rectum passes through

A

pelvic cavity

99
Q

rectum may have an enlargement caudally called the ____ before the rectum enters the anal canal

A

ampulla recti

100
Q

the anal canal is closed by

A

internal and external sphincters

101
Q

coccygeus muscle function

fiber type

A

compresses rectum

striated muscle

102
Q

levator ani muscle function

fiber type

A

compresses the rectum and retract anus when it contracts

striated muscle

103
Q

retractor penis or clitoris muscle function

fiber type

A

supports the anus

mixed fibers

104
Q

rectococcygeus muscle function

fiber type

A

shortens rectum when it contracts

smooth muscle

105
Q

at the anal canal the epithelium changes from

A
  • mucosa (endoderm) –> skin (ectoderm)
  • absorptive –> absorptive
  • cuboidal/ columnar –> stratified squamous (keratinized in most species)
  • smooth muscle –> striated muscle
106
Q

the muscularis mucosa and most of the outer longitudinal layer of tunica muscularis ends at the

A

ano-rectal line

107
Q

at the anal canal circular muscle forms

A

internal anal sphincter

108
Q

columnar zone (at anus area)

A
  • longitudinal folds (anal columns) of rectum
  • form pockets; rectal sinuses
  • anal mucosa contains lymph tissue and erectile venous tissue
109
Q

3 zones in mucosa and submucosa or anal area

A

columnar zone, intermediate zone, cutaneous zone

110
Q

columnar zone; the submucosa in the anal region contains simple, branched tubular and coiled glands with a fatty or mucous secretion called

A

anal glands

(different to anal sacs which is what ppl usually call anal glands)

111
Q

mucosa and submucosa of anal region: intermediate zone

A
  • v short (~1mm)
  • it is an irregularly scalloped fold, often referred to as the anocutaneous line
  • anal glands continue from columnar zone in submucosa
112
Q

cutaneous zone of anal region (last zone), what kind of glands, why is one type of gland clinically significant

A
  • epithelium contains sweat glands and modified sebaceous glands called circumanal glands (these grow throughout life in entire male dogs and may become cancerous)
  • one duct from the anal sac opens into cutaneous zone on each side (this is what gets squeezed during appts, so its anal sacs NOT anal glands)
113
Q

internal sphincter, what is it a continuation of, what type of muscle

A
  • continuation of circular muscle of tunica muscularis
  • smooth muscle
  • does not quite extend to cutaneous zone
114
Q

external sphincter, type of muscle, location and what muscles is it associated with

A
  • layer of striated muscle
  • caudally from anorectal line
  • associated w retractor penis and levator ani muscles
115
Q

anal sacs

A
  • Paired diverticula of anus
  • Between internal and external anal sphincters
  • Anal sac glands in their wall
  • Single duct opens to cutaneous zone
  • May become blocked and need manual expression
116
Q

true anal glands open directly into

A

columnar and intermediate zones

117
Q

what zone is circumanal glands found in

A

cutaneous zone

118
Q

where are anal sac glands

A

line wall of anal sac between internal and external anal sphincters

119
Q

blood supply to intestines

A
  • 3 unpaired arteries from aorta in abdomen
  • coeliac
  • cranial mesenteric
  • caudal mesenteric
120
Q

coeliac artery (3 branches)

A
  • splenic: spleen, stomach and pancreas
  • left gastric; stomach
  • hepatic; liver, pancreas, stomach, proximal duodenum
121
Q

cranial mesenteric artery

A
  • through root of mesentery
  • supplies intestine from distal duodenum to transverse colon
  • this includes:
  • distal duodenum
  • jejunum
  • proximal ileum
  • distal ileum and caecum (ileocaecocolic artery)
  • ascending colon (right colic artery)
  • transverse colon (middle colic artery)
122
Q

caudal mesenteric artery

A
  • runs in mesocolon
  • supplies descending colon (left colic artery)
  • proximal rectum (cranial rectal artery)
123
Q

internal iliac artery

A
  • major blood.vessel that supplies blood to pelvic organs and lower limbs
  • branches into internal pudendal artery (paired)
  • further branches into middle rectal artery which supplies distal rectum (paired)
  • and the caudal rectal artery and the perineal artery that supplies the anus ( both paired)
124
Q

Blood from the intestines flows through progressively larger veins to the _____, and then to the ____

A

hepatic portal vein
liver

125
Q

branches of hepatic portal vein

A

gastroduodenal
splenic
cranial mesenteric
caudal mesenteric

126
Q

Blood leaves the
liver in hepatic veins and is returned to the heart in the

A

caudal vena cava

127
Q

Lymph from area supplied by cranial mesenteric artery drains to nodes in

A

cranial mesenteric lymph centre

128
Q

order of operations of efferent lymph from area supplied by CRANIAL mesenteric arteries

A

efferent lymphatics –> intestinal lymph trunk –> cysterna chyli –> thoracic duct

The efferent lymphatics from these nodes lie adjacent to veins, and join
together to form the intestinal lymph trunk. This joins the cysterna chyli, and lymph
then flows through the thoracic duct to the blood stream

129
Q

Lymph from area supplied by caudal mesenteric artery drains to nodes in

A

caudal mesenteric lymph centre

130
Q

order of operations of efferent lymph from area supplied by CAUDAL mesenteric arteries

A

efferent lymphatics –> intestinal / lumbar lymph trunk –> cysterna chyli –> thoracic duct

Efferent lymphatics drain either to the intestinal or
the lumbar trunks.

131
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the intestines is extremely important as

A

fat absorbed in the intestines is transported to the blood stream via this route.

132
Q

In a dog that has recently eaten a fatty meal the mesenteries of the gut will contain

A

a lot of milky fluid

133
Q

Movements of the intestinal smooth muscle are largely inherent in origin (the enteric
nervous system). However, they are modified by the activity of the autonomic
nervous system (both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves), which terminate in

A

the myenteric (Auerbach’s) and submucosal (Meissner’s) plexuses

134
Q

The sympathetic innervation comes via three ganglia located near the proximal part of the major GI arteries, namely the coeliac artery and the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries. These ganglia are therefore named

A

the coeliac ganglion, and the cranial and caudal
mesenteric ganglions.

135
Q

the post ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nerves (3 ganglia next to 3 main arteries) pass directly to the smooth muscle cells of

A

blood vessels and muscularis mucosae

136
Q

sympathetic nerves are primarily
what do they cause
what does this mean

A

adrenergic, releasing noreadrenaline and cause vasoconstriction

inhibit secretory and motor activity of GI tract

137
Q

how do sympathetic nerves innervate the pelvic region

A
  • there are no sympathetic nerve fibres leaving the spinal cord in the pelvic
    region, sympathetic nerves must run from the abdominal region to innervate the
    viscera in the pelvis.
  • Paired hypogastric nerves (A) leave the caudal mesenteric
    ganglion and travel caudally, initially in the mesocolon, then in the lateral ligaments of
    the bladder, before forming a plexus on the lateral walls of the rectum.
  • form the pelvic plexus with the pelvic nerve (sympathetic) before sympathetic and
    parasympathetic nerves continue on to their target organs.
138
Q

parasympathetic nerves origin

A
  • origins in cranial (vagus) nerves and sacral (pelvic nerves)
139
Q

parasympathetic nerves from cranial origin

A

Vagus nerve (CN X) to abdominal ganglia

140
Q

parasympathetic nerves from sacral origin

A

Pelvic nerve to pelvic ganglia on lateral wall of rectum

141
Q

Parasympathetic nerves are primarily
what doe they release
what does this cause
what does that mean

A

cholinergic,
releasing acetylcholine,
and their effects are largely stimulatory in the gut, causing vasodilation,
increased motility and secretory activity

142
Q

Sensory visceral afferent nerves Run in both

A

vagal (parasympathetic) and sympathetic nerve trunks back to CNS

143
Q

Sensory nerve endings and cell bodies are found: (3 places)

A
  • Mucosal epithelium
  • Plexuses
  • Muscle layers
144
Q

sensory innervation: Pacinian corpuscles (shaped like an onion)

A
  • Sensitive to stretch
  • Common in subserosal connective tissue in mesenteries
  • they only respond to changes in pressure, they stop sending action potentials when pressure is consistent.
145
Q

Sensory nerves monitor two important aspects of the digestive system:

A

pressure and pain

146
Q

pressure sensory receptors

A
  • Receptors in gut wall in:
  • Oesophagus, stomach to mid colon
  • send Impulses to CNS Vagus & pelvic n.
147
Q

The vagovagal reflex

A

controls contraction of the
gastrointestinal muscle layers in response to distension of the tract by food. This
reflex also allows for the accommodation of large amounts of food in the
gastrointestinal tract. When food enters the stomach a “vagovagal” reflex goes from
the stomach to the brain, and then back again to the stomach causing active
relaxation of the smooth muscle in the stomach wall, as well as stimulating the
parietal cells to release H+

148
Q

how sensory nerves sense pain

A
  • Free nerve endings in peritoneum and gut wall
  • Very sensitive to stretching and ischaemia (lack of blood)
  • Less sensitive to cutting or hot/cold
  • Pain impulses pass on small myelinated or unmyelinated fibres
149
Q

Which of the following is the terminal part of the large intestine?

A

rectum

150
Q

Which part of the duodenum runs CAUDALLY in the abdomen?

A

Descending duodenum

151
Q

Which is the LONGEST part of the small intestine?

A

jejunum

152
Q

The length of the ileum is identified by the presence of an artery on which surface?

A

Antimesenteric surface

153
Q

The terminal region of the small intestine is termed the:

A

Ileum

154
Q

The large surface area of the small intestine facilitates absorption. Which of the following structures does NOT contribute to this large surface area?
A.
Villi

B.
Microvilli

C.
Glycocalyx

D.
Plicae circularis

A

Glycocalyx

155
Q

At the pylorus, there is a change in the mucosa. Which of the following disappears as you move into the duodenum?

A

Gastric pits

156
Q

Which of the following cell types in the epithelium of the tunica mucosa secretes mucin?

A

Goblet cells

157
Q

Lacteals play a very important role in the transport of:

A

Absorbed fat

158
Q

Peyer’s patches are aggregated lymph nodules found in the anti-mesenteric wall of the:

A

Ileum

159
Q

The stomach and the small intestine play different roles in the digestive process. This is reflected by a change in the wall of the digestive tract, mainly in the tunica mucosa. As you move aborally (away from the mouth) through the duodenum, which of the following structures disappears

A

Pyloric glands

160
Q

Which part of the large intestine is blind-ending?

A

Caecum

161
Q

Which of the following is ABSENT in the large intestine?

A

Villi

162
Q

When the stomach is distended, the jejunum is displaced in which direction?

A

Right and dorsal

163
Q

The descending colon lies close to the ascending duodenum, as they are connected by the:

A

Duodenocolic fold

164
Q

Which of the following muscles of the rectum SUPPORTS the anus?

A

Retractor penis

165
Q

The anal glands are simple, branched tubular and coiled glands that produce a fatty or mucous secretion. Which zone are they NOT found in?

A

Cutaneous zone

166
Q

Where are the circumanal glands located?

A

Cutaneous zone

167
Q

Which of the following supplies blood to the ileum?

A

Cranial mesenteric artery

168
Q

Which of the following supplies the descending colon?

A

Caudal mesenteric artery

169
Q

Branches of the internal pudendal artery supply the distal rectum and anus. The internal pudendal arteries are a branch of the:

A

Internal iliac artery

170
Q

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the lymphatic drainage pathway, from the area supplied by the cranial mesenteric artery?

A

Lumbar lymph trunk

171
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the pelvic region is supplied through paired hypogastric nerves, which leave which ganglia?

A

Caudal mesenteric

172
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the intestines is largely from branches of which cranial nerve?

A

CN X

173
Q

Question 27
NEXT >
Sensory visceral afferent nerve endings and cells bodies are NOT found in:
A.
Mucosal epithelium

B.
Plexuses

C.
Muscle layers

D.
Serosa

A

Serosa

VETS1003 (23 decks)

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