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VETS1003 > liver > Flashcards

liver Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

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2
Q

liver produces and secretes _____ which are important in ______

A
  • bile salts and phospholipids
  • fat digestion in the SI
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3
Q

the liver detoxifies and excretes (in the bile)

A

a lot of different
hormones, drugs, toxins, as well as the products resulting from the breakdown of haemoglobin

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4
Q

the liver regulates levels of

A

of glucose, lipids and nitrogenous compounds in blood

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5
Q

the liver is a storage organ especially for

A

glycogen, vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

the liver also plays a role in protein ____

A

synthesis

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7
Q

in the fetus the liver is

A

blood forming

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8
Q

functions of liver summary (6)

A
  • Produces & secretes bile salts & phospholipids → fat digestion
  • Detoxifies & excretes in bile
  • Regulating levels of glucose, lipids and nitrogenous compounds in blood
  • Storage organ for Glycogen, Vitamins and minerals
  • In foetus – blood forming
  • Protein synthesis
  • she also lists as:
  • detoxification of blood
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein synthesis
  • secretion of bile
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9
Q

glucuronidation

what is it, what kind of bonds, why does it do this, what is it often involved in

A
  • addition of glucuronic acid to substrate
  • involve glycosidic bonds
  • make substance water soluble and able to be excreted
  • often involved in metabolism of foreign chemicals; xenobiotic metabolism
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10
Q

gall bladder function

A

stores and concentrates bile, releases bile into intestine

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11
Q

how much body weight is liver

A

1-5% BW

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12
Q

liver sits in ____ part of abdominal cavity

A

intrathoracic (the bit of the abdominal cavity that’s covered by the ribcage.)

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13
Q

parietal surface of liver

A
  • Diaphragmatic surface (against diaphragm)
  • Faces cranially
  • Convex
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14
Q

Visceral surface

A
  • Faces caudally
  • Near right kidney, stomach, and intestine
  • Concave
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15
Q

dorsal border of liver

A
  • Rounded
  • Crossed by oesophagus & CVC

other borders are thin and sharp

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16
Q

hepatic porta

A
  • depression on visceral surface
  • where the portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic (bile) ducts, lymphatics and nerves pass.
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17
Q

surface of liver is covered by

A
  • serosa (visceral peritoneum)
  • Smooth, moist & slippery
  • Allows diaphragm, other organs & lobes to move with little friction
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18
Q

name 2 ligaments that attach to the visceral (caudal) surface of the liver, what do they form

A
  • Hepatogastric ligament to the lesser curvature of stomach
  • Hepatoduodenal ligament to the proximal duodenum
  • Together form the lesser omentum
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19
Q

name 4 ligaments that attach to the parietal surface

A
  • Right & Left Triangular ligament
  • Coronary ligament; Surrounds caudal vena cava, Between liver and caval foramen
  • Falciform ligament, From umbilicus
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20
Q

right and left triangular ligaments

continuous with what and where do they attach

A

continuous medially with the coronary ligament.

They attach the right and left lobes of the parietal surface of liver to the diaphragm

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21
Q

the round ligament is remnant of the ______ and lies in the free
dorsocaudal border of the _____

A
  • umbilical vein
  • falciform ligament
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22
Q

why do we need to avoid cutting falciform ligament

where do you cut during routine surgery

A

contains a generous
amount of fat and will ooze blood when it’s cut

incise the abdomen caudal to the umbilicus to avoid the falciform ligament

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23
Q

Hepatorenal Ligament aka Caudate Ligament

A

caudate lobe —> region of right kidney

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24
Q

other than ligaments, what also provides significant attachment of the liver

A

The portal vein and the caudal vena cava

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25
Q

The ____ ligament is important in
every species except for the pig

A

caudate

The caudate process of the caudate lobe doesn’t reach the right kidney in the pig

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26
Q

the falciform and round ligaments are _____ attachments in every species

A

minor

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27
Q

the coronary ligament and the triangular ligament are
______ in every species

A

important

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28
Q

and the portal vein and caudal vena cava are ______ in attaching the liver in every species

A

very important

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29
Q

what imaginary line divides visceral surface of liver into Left and right lobes

A

oesophageal notch to round ligament

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30
Q

left and right lobes can be further divided in some species into

A

medial and lateral lobes

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31
Q

where do you find the quadrate lobe

A
  • Between left and right lobes
  • Divided from right by line from
    CVC to gall bladder
  • Between gall bladder and left
    medial lobe
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32
Q

caudate lobe location

what processes does it have

A
  • Right visceral surface
  • Dorsal to porta
  • Caudate & papillary processes
  • Caudate process reaches the right
    kidney (hepatorenal aka caudate ligament)
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33
Q

cattle/ sheep liver lobes

A
  • left and right not divided into medial and lateral
  • quadrate normal
  • caudate normal
  • small papillary processes
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34
Q

horse liver lobes

A
  • left M, left L, right lobe not divided into L and M
  • quadrate fluted
  • caudate normal
  • no papillary processes
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35
Q

pig liver lobes

A
  • Left M, left L, right M, right L
  • quadrate; minor
  • caudate normal, recall no caudate ligament bc caudate process doesn’t reach to kidney
  • no papillary processes
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36
Q

dog/ cat liver lobes

A
  • left M, left L, right M, right L
  • quadrate normal
  • caudate normal
  • papillary process present
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37
Q

gall bladder of cattle/sheep

A

Extends beyond
ventral margin

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38
Q

gall bladder of horse

A

absent

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39
Q

gall bladder of pig

A

large

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40
Q

gall bladder of dog/cat

A

Extends to diaphragmatic
surface

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41
Q

position of liver in abdomen for dog/cats

A
  • Almost symmetrical on mid-line
  • Parietal strongly convex: Follows diaphragm
  • Gall bladder visible on both parietal and visceral surfaces (but more visible on visceral)
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42
Q

Hepatic Artery

A
  • derived from the coeliac artery
  • enters at the porta
  • brings oxygen‐rich blood to the liver
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43
Q

hepatic portal vein

A
  • enters at the porta.
  • brings nutrient‐rich blood from the stomach (including ruminant stomachs), the small and large intestines, and the pancreas and spleen
44
Q

The volume of blood in the portal vein is ____ times the volume of arterial blood entering liver. It is about ___ % of the total cardiac output

A

2-3x
10%

45
Q

streamlining of blood in hepatic portal vein can occur which means:

however more commonly the arrangement of portal tributaries results in :

A

blood from one region might go preferentially to one
region of liver

turbulence and mixing of blood in the portal vein

46
Q

order of blood flow from sinusoids (specialized capillaries found in the liver) to….

A

sinusoids to central veins, then through hepatic veins to the caudal vena cava at the cranio‐dorsal border of the liver

47
Q

blood pathway

A

Blood flows from the hepatic portal vein into the liver. This vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs.

Blood is distributed to the liver lobules. These are the functional units of the liver.

Blood flows through the sinusoids. Here, it comes into close contact with liver cells, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and other substances.

Blood collects in the central vein. This is the central vein of each liver lobule.

Central veins merge to form the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein carries blood out of the liver.

The hepatic vein empties into the caudal vena cava. This large blood vessel carries blood back to the heart.

48
Q

Portosystemic shunts

A
  • Failure of foetal hepatic circulation to convert to adult configuration
  • Foetus – blood from placenta bypasses liver and enters circulation via the ductus venosus
  • Failure of ductus venosus closure results in an intrahepatic shunt
49
Q

liver main epithelial cells

A

hepatocytes

50
Q

hepatocytes

A
  • epithelial cells of liver
  • mainly pentagonal or hexagonal, arranged plates
51
Q

hepatocytes extend from the peripheral periportal areas to the

A

central veins

52
Q

central veins drain to the

A

hepatic veins

53
Q

Sinusoids carrying blood from both the hepatic artery as well as the hepatic portal vein converge on

A

central veins

54
Q

Plates of cells (hepatocytes) radiating out from central vein form a unit called a

with edges known as

A

lobule
periportal regions

  • clear in pig, not so much in other species
54
Q

what do the periportal areas contain (recall they are the periphery of the lobules)

A

contain terminal branches ‐ arterioles ‐ of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein, but also contain
bile ductules, lymphatics, nerves and some connective tissues

55
Q

portal triads

A

combo of the 3 vessels: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and bile ductules found in corners where multiple lobules meet

56
Q

Branches of the hepatic artery carry

A

oxygenated blood to the hepatocytes

57
Q

branches of the portal vein carry

A

blood with nutrients from the intestines

58
Q

The bile duct carries bile products

A

away from the hepatocytes, to the larger ducts and gall bladder

59
Q

classic lobule vs portal lobule vs hepatic acinus (all basically same thing just diff ways of describing, see pic on slide 36-38)

A
  • hexagonal, plates of cells surrounding a central vein
  • triangular (basically describing same thing but the 3 point of triangle are the central vein of 3 classic lobules and the centre is the corner where the 3 lobules meet ie the portal triad)
  • diamond shaped, two points of diamond are two central veins, has 3 zones, zone 1 is innermost or periportal (which makes sense because its center of acinus is actually periportal area of 2 lobes), zone 2 is transition and zone 3 is pericentral
60
Q

hepatic acinus (see pic slide 38)

A

zone 1: periportal, closest to arterioles, predominantly where oxidative metabolism occurs (gluconeogenesis, protein syntheses)

zone 2: midzonal/ transitional

zone 3; centrilobular or pericentral; poorest blood, reduction processes predominate, closest to blood drainage point at central vein

61
Q

sinusoids

A

large irregular capillary like vessels from periportal to central vein

62
Q

the gaps in the walls of sinusoids allows

A

nutrients/metabolites in the blood to
pass through to the Space of Disse and hepatocytes for processing

63
Q

walls of sinusoids consists of

A

flattened endothelial cells, phagocytic Kupffer cells and occasionally interstitial fat storing cells

64
Q

in a sinusoid from out to in (so from portal venule and hepatic arteriole towards central vein) what percent of blood is venous and what percent is arterial

A

75% from portal vein
25% from hepatic artery

65
Q

describe a hepatocyte

A
  • Typical “factory” cell (produce & transport protein)
  • Smooth & granular ER
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Stores of fat and glycogen
  • Produces bile
66
Q

the hepatocyte surface which faces the sinusoid is covered by _____ which

A

microvilli
project into the interstitial fluid within the Space of Disse.

67
Q

Hepatocytes produce _____ which is
secreted into _____

A

bile
bile canaliculi

68
Q

bile canaliculi

A

Where the surface of the hepatocyte faces adjacent cells, it’s
fused at intervals to form a network of tiny tubules. These tiny tubules are the bile canaliculi, into which bile constituents are secreted

69
Q

are there terminal lymphatics within liver lobule

A

no

70
Q

where are terminal lymphatics located

describe lymph pathway

A

periportal areas, converge to form larger vessels which emerge at the porta

from there lymph enters hepatic lymph nodes before reaching blood through thoracic duct

71
Q

Some superficial lymphatics pass to the caudal mediastinal, and sternal lymph nodes. Lymph going this way enters the blood through

A

the right lymph ducts

72
Q

Branches of the parasympathetic (vagus) and sympathetic nerves enter the liver at

A

the porta

73
Q

biliary system

A
  • Bile secreted into canaliculi
  • Flows to periportal areas –> bile ductule with cuboidal epithelium
  • Ductules converge to form hepatic ducts
  • Carry bile to porta
74
Q

the common hepatic duct is joined by cystic duct from the _____ to
form the bile duct draining to the _____

A

gall bladder
duodenum

74
Q

Near the porta, the hepatic ducts unite to form

A

the common hepatic duct

75
Q

The bile duct is lined by

A

tall columnar epithelium and contains mucus‐secreting cells. The wall also contains a small amount
of smooth muscle.

76
Q

in some species like sheep the bile duct is joined by the pancreatic duct to form

A

common bile duct and enter duodenum

77
Q

in some species like the cow the bile and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum

A

separately

78
Q

the bile duct Passes obliquely through duodenal wall at major duodenal
papilla through

A

the Sphincter of Oddi: muscle that opens and closes to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter duodenum

79
Q

gall bladder is absent in

A

horse and rat

80
Q

gall bladder Lies between

A

Quadrate and right lobes on visceral surface

81
Q

gall bladder stores and concentrates

A

bile; releases into intestine

82
Q

gall bladder eipthelium

A

tall columnar, surface microvilli

83
Q

gall bladder mucosa often folded to form

A

mucosal bridges

84
Q

in gall bladder under the epithelium, the lamina propria is made up of

A

smooth muscle, no distinct layers and no muscularis mucosae

85
Q

gall bladder covered in

A

serosa

86
Q

how does gall bladder modify bile

A

concentrating and removing some electrolytes

87
Q

Presence of fat in the proximal duodenum stimulates production of ____

A

cholecystokinin CCK

Produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa

88
Q

Presence of fat in the proximal duodenum stimulates production of cholecystokinin (CCK)

Produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa

This signals the gall bladder to

A

contract; expels bile into common bile duct, bile carried to duodenum

89
Q

The process of glucuronidation is where glucuronic acid is added to compounds. This process makes substances more water soluble. Which major category of liver function does this process fall into?

A

Detoxification of blood

90
Q

What is the primary function of the gall bladder?

A

Storage and concentration of bile

91
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the liver is CORRECT?

A.
The visceral surface is concave, faces cranially, and is up against the diaphragm

B.
The parietal surface faces caudally, is convex, and is in close proximity to the right kidney, stomach, and intestine

C.
The hepatic porta is a depression on the visceral surface, where the blood supply to the liver, lymphatics, and nerves enter, and the bile duct leaves

D.
The dorsal border is rounded and is crossed by the oesophagus and the hepatic portal vein

A

The hepatic porta is a depression on the visceral surface, where the blood supply to the liver, lymphatics, and nerves enter, and the bile duct leaves

92
Q

The caudate ligament is NOT an important attachment of the liver in which of the following species?

A

Pig

93
Q

Which of the following attachments of the liver does the round ligament border?

A

Falciform ligament

94
Q

Which of the following species has a single left AND right lobe of the liver?

A.
Horse

B.
Pig

C.
Sheep

D.
Cat

A

Sheep

95
Q

On the visceral surface of the liver, which of the following lobes is divided from the right lobe by a line running from the caudal vena cava to the gall bladder, and sits between the gall bladder and the left medial lobe?

A

Quadrate lobe

96
Q

The species of domestic animal that has a right medial AND a right lateral lobe of the liver is
A.
Horse

B.
Cow

C.
Sheep

D.
Pig

A

Pig

97
Q

Which of the following statements regarding blood supply to the liver is INCORRECT?

A.
Blood supply to the liver enters at the porta

B.
Blood in the hepatic artery contributes ~25% of the total blood flow through the liver, and supplies oxygen-rich blood from the coeliac artery

C.
Blood in the hepatic portal vein contributes ~75% of the total blood flow, and supplies oxygen-rich blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen

D.
Blood in the hepatic portal vein contributes ~75% of the total blood flow, and supplies nutrient-rich blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen

A

C

98
Q

The classical liver lobule is a model of which aspect of hepatic architecture?

A

Anatomical

99
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of the portal triad?

A.
Terminal branch of the hepatic artery

B.
Terminal branch of the hepatic portal vein

C.
Bile ductule

D.
Sinusoid

A

Sinusoid

100
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the periportal zone is CORRECT?

A.
The periportal zone is closest to the blood drainage point (the central vein)

B.
The periportal zone has the poorest blood supply; this is where processes associated with detoxification mostly occur

C.
The periportal zone has the best blood supply, resulting in the area having the best nutrition and oxygenation; this is predominantly where oxidative metabolism occurs

D.
The periportal zone is the transition region, between the area of highest blood flow, and the blood drainage point

A

C.
The periportal zone has the best blood supply, resulting in the area having the best nutrition and oxygenation; this is predominantly where oxidative metabolism occurs

101
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of the walls of sinusoids?

A.
Flattened endothelial cells

B.
Interstitial fat-storing cells

C.
Bile canaliculi

D.
Phagocytic Kupffer cells

A

C.
Bile canaliculi

102
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of hepatocytes?
A.
Microvilli

B.
Have bile canaliculi which store fat

C.
Produce bile

D.
Contain significant amounts of smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum

A

B.
Have bile canaliculi which store fat

103
Q

In which of the following species does the bile duct join the pancreatic duct to form the common bile duct?

A

Sheep

104
Q

Which of the following layers is NOT present in the gall bladder?
A.
Tall columnar epithelium

B.
Lamina propria

C.
Muscularis mucosae

D.
Perimuscular connective tissue

A

C.
Muscularis mucosae

105
Q

Presence of fat in the proximal duodenum stimulates production of cholecystokinin (CCK). This is produced by which of the following cells in the duodenal mucosa?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

VETS1003 (23 decks)

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