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BACTERIOLOGY > Part IV: Introduction > Flashcards

Part IV: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

gram staining technique for fungi

A

Hucker’s modification

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2
Q

Most CRITICAL step in Gram staining:

A

DECOLORIZATION

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3
Q

Fungi are reported gram (+)

A

gram (+)

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4
Q

Size of AFB smear

A

2by3 cm

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5
Q

FITE-FARACO modification of acid fast stain is used to demonstrate

A

M. leprae

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6
Q

FITE FARACO Uses HEMATOXYLIN as

A

counter stain

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7
Q

Carried out to determine susceptibility or resistance of
organisms to antimicrobial agents

A

ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

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8
Q

Antimicrobials may be classified as

A
  1. Bactericidal
  2. Bacteriostatic
  3. Narrow and Broad Spectrum
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9
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

Cell wall inhibitors

A
  1. beta lactams
  2. Glycopeptides
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10
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

Cell wall inhibitors - Beta Lactams (3)

A

Penicillin
Carbapenems
Cephalosporin

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11
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

Cell wall inhibitors - Glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

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12
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

Protein Synthesis inhibitor (5)

A

2C-MAT

Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Macrolides
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline

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13
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

Protein Synthesis inhibitor - Macrolides (1)

A

Erythromycin

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14
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
INHIBITORS - Aminoglycoside (2)

A

Gentamicin
Tobramycin

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15
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
INHIBITORS - Tetracyclines (1)

A

Doxycycline

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16
Q

ANTIBIOTICS

BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITORS

A

Tazobactam
Sulbactam
Cluvanilic Acid

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17
Q

SULFONAMIDES

SXT

A

trimetophrim sulfamethoxazole

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18
Q

Drug which can be used as treatment for UTI

A

NITROFURANTOIN

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19
Q

NITROFURANTOIN action

A

Inhibits bacterial enzyme

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20
Q

inhibition of DNA activity

A

QUINOLONES

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21
Q

example of quinolones

A

Levoflaxin
Ciproflaxin

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22
Q

KIRBY BAUER DISK DIFFUSION

A

Qualitative

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23
Q

E-TEST DILUTION

A

Quantitative

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24
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Media used

A

Mueller Hinton Agar

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25
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

pH

A

7.2-7.4

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26
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Depth of agar

A

4 mm

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27
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Inoculum size

A

1.5 x 108 CFU/ml

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28
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Use of 0.5 Mac Farland standard is composed of

A

99.5 ml 1% sulfuric acid
1.175% barium chloride

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29
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Manner of streaking using

A

Sterile cotton swab

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30
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Streaking Method

A

Overlapping

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31
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

light inoculum, very dry agar, thin agar

A

False SUSCEPTIBLE

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32
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

heavy inoculum, too much moisture in agar, thick agar

A

False RESISTANT

33
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Size of filter paper disk

A

6mm

34
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Working supply

A

2-8 degC

35
Q

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion

Incubation requirements

A

Incubate at 35-37 degC for 16-18 hrs in ambient air

36
Q

If plate size is 100 mm

A

no more than 5 disks

37
Q

If plate size is 150 mm

A

no more than 12 disks

38
Q

Distance of disk:

From center

A

24 mm

39
Q

Distance of disk

Between 2 disks

A

15 mm

40
Q

Waiting time prior to placement of disks

A

3-5 mins

41
Q

Use _______ when measuring ZONE OF INHIBITION

A

RULER OR CALIPER

42
Q

SWARMING by PROTEUS

A

Ignore

43
Q

Sulfonamides like SXT, may result into 2 concentric zones of inhibition, measure the

A

OUTER ZONE

44
Q

Possible Results In Ast:

A

Resistant
Intermediate
Susceptible

45
Q

Uses a strip with single antibiotic of decreasing concentrations along its length

A

E-TEST

46
Q

E-TEST is a dilution method for fastidious organisms like

A

Haemophilus

47
Q

E-TEST (+) Result

A

ELLIPSE OF GROWTH INHIBITION

48
Q

detect the ability of organism to produce the enzyme B-lactamase

A

BETA - LACTAMASE TEST (Cephalosporinase Test)

49
Q

enzyme that makes organism beta lactam resistant

A

B-lactamase

50
Q

BETA - LACTAMASE TEST (Cephalosporinase Test)

Disk used

A

CEFINASE DISK

51
Q

BETA - LACTAMASE TEST

Substrate

A

NITROCEFIN

52
Q

BETA - LACTAMASE TEST

+ result:

A

pink to red coloration of the disk

53
Q

BETA LACTAMS/PENICILLINASE RESISTANT DRUGS:

Methicillin and Oxacylin are used to treat

A

CAGI

S. aureus
H. influenza
N. gonorrhoeae
M. catarrhalis

54
Q

some S. aureus have resistance to penicillinase resistant drugs and are called

A

MRSA
Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

55
Q

MRSA is caused by the presence of

A

PBP2a
Penicillin Binding Protein 2a

56
Q

PBP2a is encoded by

A

mec A gene

57
Q

MRSA DETECTION

Media use (3)

A

Chromogenic agar
Cefoxitin Disk Test
Oxacillin Screen Agar

58
Q

MRSA DETECTION

Positive and Negative Result

A

Pos: Red/mauve
Negative: Blue colonies

59
Q

MRSA DETECTION

Oxacillin Screen agar is composed of

A

6 ug Oxacillin
4% NaCI

60
Q

MRSA DETECTION

Gold standard

A

PCR

61
Q

Detect inducible clindamycin resistance among strains of
S. aureus

A

D-TEST

62
Q

D-test is done if the results is discrepant

A

true

63
Q

different results
are obtained from same action antibiotics: discrepant result must be when

A

Clindamycin susceptible and erythromycin resistant

64
Q

D-test uses

A

15 ug erythromycin
2 ug clindamycin

65
Q

D-test
antibiotics are positioned

A

15 mm apart

66
Q

(+) RESULT: blunting or flattening of clindamycin zone to produce

A

D - pattern

67
Q

D-test
Interpretation of Result
(+) D-test: Clindamycin -
(-) D-test: Clindamycin -

A

(+) D-test: Clindamycin - RESISTANT
(-) D-test: Clindamycin - SENSITIVE

68
Q

One way to detect S. pneumoniae

A

PENICILLIN RESISTANCE

69
Q

S. pneumoniae

Hemolysis:
Optochin:

A

Alpha hemolytic
Optochin susceptible

70
Q

PENICILLIN RESISTANCE

Culture Media used

A

MHA supplemented with sheep’s blood + 1 ug oxacillin disk

71
Q

PENICILLIN RESISTANCE
o Greater than 20 mm -
o Less than 20 mm -

A

o Greater than 20 mm SENSITIVE
o Less than 20 mm RESISTANT

72
Q

Screening test to detect ability of organism to produce the enzyme CARBAPENEMASE

A

MODIFIED HODGE TEST

73
Q

Enzyme that make beta lactam antibiotic INEFFECTIVE

A

CARBAPENEMASE

74
Q

MODIFIED HODGE TEST
(+) RESULT -

A

clover leaf leaf-likelike pattern

75
Q

SEMI-AUTOMATED METHODS FOR BACTERIAL ID that uses microtubes with dehydrated substrates

A

API

76
Q

SEMI-AUTOMATED METHODS FOR BACTERIAL ID

involves one step inoculation , no
need to add reagent and oil

A

BBL crystal ID

77
Q

AUTOMATED SYSTEM
automation program for bacterial identificationand susceptibility

A

VITEK

78
Q

AUTOMATED SYSTEM
same with VITEK but faster

A

MALDI-TOF

BACTERIOLOGY (25 decks)

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