park lecture 5

Question 1

hormones produced by hypothalamus \

Answer 1

GHRH, SST, TRH, CRH, GNRH

Question 2

Only hormone produced in hypothalamus that does not end in RH

Answer 2

SST

Question 3

What are the 2 hypothalamic hormones that control the release of growth hormone

Answer 3

GHRH(stimulates)
SST (suppress)

Question 4

What are some anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 4

gH, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH

Question 5

Only anterior pituitary hormone not ending with H

Answer 5

prolactin

Question 6

Know the hypothalamic precursor and the pituitary hormones

Answer 6

TRH-TSH
GNRH,SST- GH
GnRH- LH, FSH
CRH- ACTH

Question 7

Group the pituitary hormones based on their structural similarity

Answer 7

Prolactin and GRH- Single chain proteins that activate JAK/STAT pathway

TSH, LH, FSH- Share common a-chain and activate GPCRs

Question 8

Describe the functions of GH and IGF-1

Answer 8

GH stimulates the production of IGF-1, which has anabolic effects on muscle, catabolic lipid effects, and a reduction in insulin activity

Question 9

Why does GH lower insulin activity in the body

Answer 9

Becuase IGF-1 has insulin activity

Question 10

Difference between somatotropin and somatostatin

Answer 10

Somatostatin decreases GH secretion (statin), Somatotropin is the recombinant form of GH

Question 11

What is somatotropin (rhGH)

Answer 11

The recombinant form of GH

Question 12

recombinant form of IGF-1

Answer 12

Mecasermin

Question 13

Mecasermin use

Answer 13

Used in case of non-responsiveness to GH, so it skips the GH and directly gives IGF-1

Question 14

What is needed to maintain adequate half life of mecasermin

Answer 14

rhiGFBP-3 (recombinant human IGF binding protein 3

Question 15

what does FSH do in women

Answer 15

Stimulates conversion of testosterone to estrogen (universally across genders)
directs ovarian follicle development

Question 16

What does FSH do in men

Answer 16

Converts testosterone to estrogen
regulates spermatogenesis

Question 17

what does LH do in women

Answer 17

stimulates androgen production in follicular phase
controls estrogen and progesterone production in luteal phase

Question 18

What does LH do in men

Answer 18

Stimulates androgen production in men

Question 19

What two gonadotropins are nearly identical and bind each others receptors

Answer 19

LH and HCG

Question 20

with regard to alpha and beta chains, what is the relation between LH, FSH and HCG

Answer 20

All share the same alpha, but HCG and LH share the same B chain

Question 21

Different gonadotropins used clinically names

Answer 21

menotropin
Urofollitropin
Follitropin a & B
Lutropin a
HCG
choriogonadotropin a

Question 22

Explain what menotropin is

Answer 22

It is an HMG (human menopausal gonadotropin) that is a mixture of LH and FSH extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women.

Question 23

Explain what urofollitropin is

Answer 23

Urofollitropin is the purified FSH from the urine of post menopausal women
LH is removed

Question 24

What is the recombinant form of FSH

Answer 24

Follitropin a &b

Question 25

What is the recombinant form of LH

Answer 25

Lutropin a

Question 26

recombinant form of HCG

Answer 26

choriogonadotropin a

Question 27

what is clomiphen

Answer 27

Clomiphen is a SERM that blocks negative feedback in pituitary and increases LH/FSH levels, promoting ovulation

Question 28

Side effect of clomiphen

Answer 28

multiple births

Question 29

_____stimulates the production and release of LH and FSH

Answer 29

GnRH

Question 30

What do we mean by pulsatile GnRH release

Answer 30

GnRH will only stimulate the release of FSH and LH if it is released in a pulsatile fashion.

Question 31

What will happen if the release of GnRH is not oulsatile

Answer 31

GnRH will inhibit release of FSH and LH in both men and women

Question 32

Why does non-pulsatile release lead to inhibition of LH and FSH release

Answer 32

Receptors get desensitized

Question 33

What is vasopressin

Answer 33

An anti diuretic hormone and vasopressin (constricts blood vessels)

Question 34

where is vasopressin released from

Answer 34

Posterior pituitary

Question 35

Vasopressin is released in response to

Answer 35

rising plasma tonicity (salty blood) Falling blood volume

Question 36

Physiological function of vasopressin

Answer 36

increase reabsorption of water from tubular filtrate

Question 37

How does vasopressin increase reabsorption from tubular filtrate

Answer 37

Increases water permeability in cells in renal collecting tube. leads to increase in BV and decrease in urine

Question 38

why is its name vasopressin

Answer 38

constricts blood vessels

Question 39

Why does vasopressin contracting blood vessel help?

Answer 39

decrease in blood volume will lead to a drop in blood pressure. constricting BV will bring it up again

Question 40

what is the difference between the two vasopressin receptors

Answer 40

V1- is in blood vessel. It is a GPCR that increases Ca2+, leading to vasoconstriction V2- is in the kidneys, once activated, the number of aquaporins is increased, they get water from urine to blood.

Question 41

Desmopressin receptor selectivity with regard to V1 and V2

Answer 41

Desmopressin has 4000 times V2 antidiuretic activity compared to V1.

Question 42

adverse effects of vasopressins

Answer 42

water intoxication (hyponatremia) Vasopressin (not desmopressin) should be used with EXTREME caution with people with CV diseases

Question 43

Oxytocinn use

Answer 43

Uterine contraction during labor and delivery.

Question 44

How does oxytocin stimulate contraction

Answer 44

Releases prostaglandins and leukotrienes that augment uterine contraction

Question 45

Oxytocin role in lactation

Answer 45

Contracts myoepithelial cells in breast and ejects milk (ca2+ release)

Question 46

at high concentration, oxytocin has a weak antidiuretic effect. why?

Answer 46

Similar structure with Vasopressor

Question 47

Clinical uses of oxytocin

Answer 47

-Induction and stimulation of labor. -Control of uterine hemorrhage after delivery

Question 48

adverse effects of oxytocin

Answer 48

-excessive stimulation of uterine contraction before delivery (leads to uterine distress, uterine rupture) -cross reactivity causes activation of vasopressin (fluid retention, hyponatremia)