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Final exam lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

excess carbohydrates are converted into

A

glycogen and triacylglycerol

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2
Q

simple carbohydrates divided into

A

mono and di saccharides

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3
Q

Monosaccarides example

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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4
Q

disaccharide example

A

sucrose, lactose maltose

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5
Q

in what form are complex carbphydrates stored in animals?
In plants?

A

glycogen in animals and starch and fiber in plants

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6
Q

most abundant carbphydrate on earth?

A

cellulose

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7
Q

glucose is also called

A

dextrose

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8
Q

imoprtant carbohydrate

A

glucose

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9
Q

Where are glicose and fructose usually found

A

Glucose is found as a part of a disaccharide or starch and fructose is found in fruits and vegetables.

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10
Q

Does fructose cause an increase of blood glucose? What about blood lipids

A

Fructose does not cause a great rise in blood glucose as other sugars. Causes an increase in blood lipids

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11
Q

what does a-amylase do? where is it?

A

hydrolyzes starch and glycogen to maltase and maltotriose.
exists in saliva and pancreatic juice.

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12
Q

Name some enzymes on the luminal surface of small intestine and what they do

A

Maltase (a-glycosidase): maltose and maltotriose converted to glucose
sucrase- converts sucrose to glucose and fructose
Lactase- converts lactose to glucose and galactose

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13
Q

T/F only monosaccharides are absorbed in the body

A

True

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14
Q

how do bacterial contribute to digestion of carbohydrate

A

indigestible carbs comverted to monosaccharides by bacterial enzymes

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15
Q

What is the glycemic index

A

Measure of how quickly individual foods will raise blood glucose level

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16
Q

Rank common foods interms of Decreasing glycemic index

A

Pure glucose- 100
potato
bread
ice cream
beans

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17
Q

name 3 types of dietary fibers and use of fibers, common sources

A

Cellulose- cereals, increases stool bulk and decreases intestinal transit time
Lignin- woody part of vegetable, binds cholesterol and carcinogens
pectin- fruits, decreases rate of sufgar uptake and decreases serum cgolesterol

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18
Q

Which fiber is the inly soluble one

A

pectin

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19
Q

use of lipids in the diet? most predominant lipid in diet?

A

provide satiety, carriers for fat soluble vitamins
triacylglycerol is >90% of dietary fat

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20
Q

Name essential fatty acids

A

w3 and w6

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21
Q

Give examples of w3 omega fatty acids

A

a- linoleic acid (18:3)
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) (22:6)

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22
Q

give examples of w 6 fatty acids

A

linoleic acid (18:2)
arachidonic acid (20:4) in meat and fish

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23
Q

what is the use of essential fatty acids like w3 and w6

A

used to synthesize eicosanoids in the body

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24
Q

How does the ratio of w3 to w6 affect the human body

A

We want the ratio to be higher (i.e we want a higher ratio of w3) due to its anti inflammatory uses.

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25
most unsaturated fatty acids found in nature have_____ double bond
Cis
26
hydrogenation process to convert unsaturates fatty acids to saturated fatty acids produces____________ as byproducts
trans fatty acids
27
trans vs cis which one has a higher MP
trans fatty acids have a higher mp than cis formation
28
is trans or cis worse for heart disease
trans
29
explain the digestion of fat
fat needs to be solubilized by bile acid gastric and pancreatic lipases hydrolyze triacylglycerol to fatty acids and monoacylglycerol esterases hydrolyze monoacylglycerol and cholesterol ester
30
Explain the utilization of lipids
small intestine cells absorb all the fatty acid and glycerol. They make their own triacylglycerol again (resynthesize) and release it into the lymph system (not blood stream)
31
Are triacylglycerols directly released into blood stream?
No. chylomicrons lipoprotein is the solubilized version of triacylglycerols, deliver lipid to peripheral tissues directly.
32
muscles uses _____ as an energy source
fat
33
does the rbain use fat as an energy source?
No
34
composition of the body based on percentage
water-65% protein-20% fat=12% other-3%
35
what are some roles of dietary proteins
essential structural components enzymes, hormones, plasma, antibodies
36
what are glucogenic and ketogenic aa converted to?
glucogenic-glucose, ketogenic aa- keto acid/fatty acid
37
protein is eventually converted to________in adipose tissue
triacylglycerol
38
how is a negative nitrogen balance caused?
inadequate dietary intake of protein ,trauma or illness
39
when do we see positive nitrogen balance
growing children, pregnant women, adults recovering from illness.
40
what is an essential aa
aa that can not be synthesized by the body.
41
What are the 3 mechanisms of digestions of proteins
Gastric digestion peptidases at luminal surafce intracellular peptidases
42
How does gastric digestion breakdown proteins
Low PH denatures proteins pepsin enzyme
43
how do peptidases at the luminal surface digest proteins
Brush borders on luminal surface rich in peptidases.
44
what is celiac disease
caused by exposure to gluten. (autoimmune disorder) lining of small intestine is inflamed and damaged
45
energy content of carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol
carbohydrate 4kcal/g fat- 9kcal/g protein- 4kcal/g alcohol- 7kcal/g
46
excess energy is stored mostly as
fat in adipose tissue
47
glycogen in the lliver maintains
blood glucose levels
48
what happens in body during well-fed state
insulin release, glycolysis glycogen synthesis catabolism of aa fatty acid synthesis no gluconeogenesis
49
What happens during early fasting state
glucagon release from liver glycogen breakdown gluconeogenesis
50
What happens during fasting state
protein is used as a major source of nitrogen lipolysis of adipose tissue ketogenesis reduced thyroid hormones daily BMR drops by 25%
51
what happens if glucoe concebntration is less than 27 mg/dl
coma and death
52
what does hyoerglycemia lead to
dehydration, hyperglycemia, coma, complication of diabetes
53
what does the brain use as energy
glucose
54
energy usages of brain?
100-120 g of glucose per day uses 15-20% of the total oxygen constant energy needed
55
energy storage of brain
no energy storage brain does not use fat
56
What deficiencies are marasmus and kwashiorkor
marasmus is inadequate intake of both protein and energy, thin waisted appearance kwashiorkor happens due to inadequate intake of protein with adequate energy intake . They have a deceptive plump appearance due to edema
57
Acronyms for EAR, RDA, AI and UL
recommended dietary allowance estimated average requirement Adequate intake tolerable upper intake levels
58
As long as you take less than______, you will not experience toxicity
UL
59
Maximum level of daily intake without health risk
UL
60
what do we use when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR
AI
61
relationship between RDA and EAR
RDA is two standard deviations above EAR. RDA is sufficient to meet needs of 97%-98% of healthy individuals while EAR is 50%
62
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
63
water soluble vitamins
B and C
64
name macrominerals and trace minerals
Macro- Ca2+, Mg 2+ trace- Fe, I, Zn, Cu, Se
65
what are vitamins
Organic cpds essential in the diet to promote and regulate body functions
66
which vitamins are still referred to by numbers
B6 and B12
67
Vitamins are grouped into _____ and ______
fat soluble and water soluble
68
water soluble or fat soluble causes more toxicity
Fat soluble. This is because fat soluble vitamins are stored.

Therapeutics (46 decks)

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