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PHYSIO II > parathyroid > Flashcards

parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

where is 99% is bone in the body?

A

in bone

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2
Q

where is the smallest store of calcium in the body?

A

extracellular

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3
Q

what pool is calcium is the regulated pool?

A

extracellular calcium

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4
Q

where is Ca2+ absorbed?

A

the gut

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5
Q

is Ca2+ excreted?

A

yes by the kidney

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6
Q

how many total parathyroid glands are in most animals?

A

4 glands (2pairs)

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7
Q

what is the main organ of Ca2+ and phosphate metabolism?

A

parathyroid

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8
Q

what are the active cells of the parathyroid?

A

chief cells

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9
Q

what type of hormone is PTH?

A

peptide hormone

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10
Q

what are the inactive cells of the PT?

A

oxyphil cells

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11
Q

what cells synthesize PTH?

A

chief cells of the PT

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12
Q

in the human PTH half life is 7-10 days, how long is it in the dog?

A

10-15 min

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13
Q

what terminus of PTH is the biologically active part?

A

the N-terminus

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14
Q

what stimulates PTH?

A

low serum calcium

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15
Q

PTH counters the actions of what?

A

calcitonin

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16
Q

PTH had direct or indirect effects on bone metabolism of Ca2+?

A

direct

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17
Q

PTH had direct or indirect effects on kidney metabolism of Ca2+?

A

direct

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18
Q

PTH had direct or indirect effects on GI metabolism of Ca2+?

A

indirect

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19
Q

is the response to PTH rapid or slow?

A

rapid

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20
Q

where does the calcium come from in the bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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21
Q

what is PTH’s effect on the kidney?

A
  • increased absorption of calcium by distal tubles
  • formation of calcitriol
  • excretion of phosphate in the urine
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22
Q

what is PTH’s effect on the small intestine?

A

increased absorption of calcium and phosphate

-(consequence of calcitriol from kidney)

23
Q

increased blood calcium and calcitriol in the blood does what to blood phosphorus?

A

reduces phosphorus in blood via renal excretion

24
Q

what cells produce calcitonin?

A

parafollicular (C-cells) of the thyroid gland

25
Q

what is the roll of calcitonin?

A

decrease Ca2+ in the ECF

  • moves Ca2+ to bone by blocking osteoclast activity
  • inhibits Ca++ absorption by intestines
  • inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorption of Ca++
26
Q

what shuts off PTH activity?

A

increased Ca++ in blood

27
Q

what is hypophosphatemia, caused by calcitonin?

A
  • moves phosphate from ECF to bone

- inhibites phosphate absorption by renal tubules

28
Q

what is calcitriol?

A

the bioactive from of vitamin D

29
Q

what is the role of calcitriol?

A

increases CA++ and phosphorus in the blood

30
Q

what results from disturbances of serum levels of Ca++ (increased serum Ca++)?

A

hyperparathyroidism

31
Q

what are the effects of hyperparathyroidism metabolism on bone?

A
  • increased bone resoprtion
  • decreased radiographic density (radiopacity)
  • incomplete fractures
32
Q

what are the signs of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • depressed mentation
  • muscular weakness
  • peptic ulcers
  • lethargy
  • renal failure
33
Q

what is calcitonin’s effect of blood phosphorus?

A

decreases it

34
Q

what is PTH’s effect of blood phosphorus?

A

decreases it

35
Q

which type of hyperparathyroidism is more common?

A

secondary

36
Q

which form of hyperparathyroidism is an adenoma of chief cells?

A

primary

37
Q

effects of primary hyperparathyroidism on urine/blood Ca++/phosphorus:

A
  • hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia

- hyperphosphaturia, hyophosphatemia

38
Q

what type of hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic renal failure?

A

secondary

39
Q

what does renal damage do to calcitriol?

A

reduces calcitriol synthesis

40
Q

as [phosphorus] increases, what happens to [Ca++]?

A

[Ca++] decreases

41
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism do to blood/urine calcium?

A

normocalcemia and hypocalciuria

42
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism do to blood/urine phosphorus?

A

hyperphosphatemia

43
Q

what causes rubber jaw disease?

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

44
Q

what type of hyperparathyroidism is causes by nutritional deficiencies and mineral imbalance?

A

secondary

45
Q

what diets can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

low Ca++ and high phosphorus

46
Q

what are two causes of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • lymphocytic parathydroiditis

- surgery for hyperthyroidism

47
Q

what are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • hyperflexia
  • larygneal spasm
  • convultions
48
Q

what is the treatment for acute hypoparathyroidism?

A

IV calcium gluconate

49
Q

what is the treatment for chronic hypoparathyroidism?

A

oral calcium carbonate and vit. D

low phosphorus diet

50
Q

where are the sites of synthesis for erythropoietin (EPO)?

A
  • kidney (primary; peritubular cells)

- liver (not in dog)

51
Q

what controls the negative feedback of erythropoietin synthesis/

A

-hypoxia

52
Q

what site does EPO act on?

A

red bone marrow

53
Q

what are the actions of erythropoietin?

A
  • increases differentiation of hemocytoblasts into reticulocytes STEM CELL ACTION
  • increases synthesis of key proteins
    • alpha and beta globins
    • transferrin receptor

PHYSIO II (33 decks)

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