parathyroid

Question 1

where is 99% is bone in the body?

Answer 1

in bone

Question 2

where is the smallest store of calcium in the body?

Answer 2

extracellular

Question 3

what pool is calcium is the regulated pool?

Answer 3

extracellular calcium

Question 4

where is Ca2+ absorbed?

Answer 4

the gut

Question 5

is Ca2+ excreted?

Answer 5

yes by the kidney

Question 6

how many total parathyroid glands are in most animals?

Answer 6

4 glands (2pairs)

Question 7

what is the main organ of Ca2+ and phosphate metabolism?

Answer 7

parathyroid

Question 8

what are the active cells of the parathyroid?

Answer 8

chief cells

Question 9

what type of hormone is PTH?

Answer 9

peptide hormone

Question 10

what are the inactive cells of the PT?

Answer 10

oxyphil cells

Question 11

what cells synthesize PTH?

Answer 11

chief cells of the PT

Question 12

in the human PTH half life is 7-10 days, how long is it in the dog?

Answer 12

10-15 min

Question 13

what terminus of PTH is the biologically active part?

Answer 13

the N-terminus

Question 14

what stimulates PTH?

Answer 14

low serum calcium

Question 15

PTH counters the actions of what?

Answer 15

calcitonin

Question 16

PTH had direct or indirect effects on bone metabolism of Ca2+?

Answer 16

direct

Question 17

PTH had direct or indirect effects on kidney metabolism of Ca2+?

Answer 17

direct

Question 18

PTH had direct or indirect effects on GI metabolism of Ca2+?

Answer 18

indirect

Question 19

is the response to PTH rapid or slow?

Answer 19

rapid

Question 20

where does the calcium come from in the bone?

Answer 20

hydroxyapatite

Question 21

what is PTH’s effect on the kidney?

Answer 21

• increased absorption of calcium by distal tubles
• formation of calcitriol
• excretion of phosphate in the urine

Question 22

what is PTH’s effect on the small intestine?

Answer 22

increased absorption of calcium and phosphate

-(consequence of calcitriol from kidney)

Question 23

increased blood calcium and calcitriol in the blood does what to blood phosphorus?

Answer 23

reduces phosphorus in blood via renal excretion

Question 24

what cells produce calcitonin?

Answer 24

parafollicular (C-cells) of the thyroid gland

Question 25

what is the roll of calcitonin?

Answer 25

decrease Ca2+ in the ECF - moves Ca2+ to bone by blocking osteoclast activity - inhibits Ca++ absorption by intestines - inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorption of Ca++

Question 26

what shuts off PTH activity?

Answer 26

increased Ca++ in blood

Question 27

what is hypophosphatemia, caused by calcitonin?

Answer 27

- moves phosphate from ECF to bone | - inhibites phosphate absorption by renal tubules

Question 28

what is calcitriol?

Answer 28

the bioactive from of vitamin D

Question 29

what is the role of calcitriol?

Answer 29

increases CA++ and phosphorus in the blood

Question 30

what results from disturbances of serum levels of Ca++ (increased serum Ca++)?

Answer 30

hyperparathyroidism

Question 31

what are the effects of hyperparathyroidism metabolism on bone?

Answer 31

- increased bone resoprtion - decreased radiographic density (radiopacity) - incomplete fractures

Question 32

what are the signs of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 32

- depressed mentation - muscular weakness - peptic ulcers - lethargy - renal failure

Question 33

what is calcitonin's effect of blood phosphorus?

Answer 33

decreases it

Question 34

what is PTH's effect of blood phosphorus?

Answer 34

decreases it

Question 35

which type of hyperparathyroidism is more common?

Answer 35

secondary

Question 36

which form of hyperparathyroidism is an adenoma of chief cells?

Answer 36

primary

Question 37

effects of primary hyperparathyroidism on urine/blood Ca++/phosphorus:

Answer 37

- hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia | - hyperphosphaturia, hyophosphatemia

Question 38

what type of hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic renal failure?

Answer 38

secondary

Question 39

what does renal damage do to calcitriol?

Answer 39

reduces calcitriol synthesis

Question 40

as [phosphorus] increases, what happens to [Ca++]?

Answer 40

[Ca++] decreases

Question 41

secondary hyperparathyroidism do to blood/urine calcium?

Answer 41

normocalcemia and hypocalciuria

Question 42

secondary hyperparathyroidism do to blood/urine phosphorus?

Answer 42

hyperphosphatemia

Question 43

what causes rubber jaw disease?

Answer 43

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 44

what type of hyperparathyroidism is causes by nutritional deficiencies and mineral imbalance?

Answer 44

secondary

Question 45

what diets can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 45

low Ca++ and high phosphorus

Question 46

what are two causes of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 46

- lymphocytic parathydroiditis | - surgery for hyperthyroidism

Question 47

what are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 47

- hyperflexia - larygneal spasm - convultions

Question 48

what is the treatment for acute hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 48

IV calcium gluconate

Question 49

what is the treatment for chronic hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 49

oral calcium carbonate and vit. D | low phosphorus diet

Question 50

where are the sites of synthesis for erythropoietin (EPO)?

Answer 50

- kidney (primary; peritubular cells) | - liver (not in dog)

Question 51

what controls the negative feedback of erythropoietin synthesis/

Answer 51

-hypoxia

Question 52

what site does EPO act on?

Answer 52

red bone marrow

Question 53

what are the actions of erythropoietin?

Answer 53

- increases differentiation of hemocytoblasts into reticulocytes STEM CELL ACTION - increases synthesis of key proteins - alpha and beta globins - transferrin receptor