musch 1

Question 1

what are the 3 methods of oxygen and nutrients to tissue?

Answer 1

1. neural
2. mechanical
3. hormonal mechanism

Question 2

what does a Swan-Gantz catheter measure?

Answer 2

pulmonary wedge pressure

Question 3

Where is CvO2 sampled from?

Answer 3

only the pulmonary artery

Question 4

Where is the CasO2 sampled from?

Answer 4

sampled from any artery except the pulmonary artery

Question 5

Qrv ____ Qlv

Answer 5

Qrv = Qlv (equal output)

Question 6

HRxSVrv _____ HRxSVlv

Answer 6

HRxSVrv = HRxSVlv (equal stroke volume)

Question 7

what is the RV?

Answer 7

volume pump (thin wall)

Question 8

what is the LV?

Answer 8

pressure pump (thick wall)

Question 9

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 9

involuntary

Question 10

are cardiac muscle cells shorter or longer than skeletal muscles cells?

Answer 10

shorter

Question 11

do cardiac muscle cells have more or less mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 11

more

Question 12

does preload have a positive or negative effect on stroke volume?

Answer 12

positive effect

Question 13

does contractility have a positive or negative effect on stroke volume?

Answer 13

positive effect

Question 14

does afterload have a positive or negative effect on stroke volume?

Answer 14

negative effect

Question 15

end - diastolic volume is a measure of what?

Answer 15

preload

Question 16

end - diastolic volume is dependent on what?

Answer 16

LVEDP and venous return

Question 17

stimulating a beta-1 receptor does what to HR?

Answer 17

increases HR

Question 18

stimulating a muscarinic receptor does what to HR?

Answer 18

decreases HR

Question 19

what is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 19

norepinephrine

Question 20

what is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 20

acetylcholine

Question 21

do the pacemaker cells of the heart contract?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

effects of norepi and epi on ventricular chromotropic state

Answer 22

beta-1 receptor -> increases CAMP ->protein kinase

1. funny channel opens: increase Na+ influx
2. calcium channel opens: increase Ca++ influx
3. increases the rate of depolarization

Question 23

effects of Ach on ventricular chromotropic state

Answer 23

muscarinic receptor -> increase K+ permeability and decrease Ca++ permeability -> decreases rate of depolarization

Question 24

what initially raises heart rate during exercise?

Answer 24

parasympathetic withdrawal