Parasite 2

Question 1

Tissue response to Helminths and Vermin?

Answer 1

Eosinophilic

Question 2

What are the eosinophilic responses?

Answer 2

1) IgE, mast cells
2) Eosiniphilic chemotaxic factors
3) IL-4 and IL-5

Question 3

Function of IL-4?

Answer 3

Switch to make IgE

Question 4

Most important fatal helminth disease in humans?

Answer 4

Schistosomiasis

Question 5

Death from Schistosomes caused by?

Answer 5

Hepatic granulomas and fibrosis

Question 6

What does Schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa cause?

Answer 6

Hematuria/obstruction of bladder

Predisposition to squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

Question 7

Where are sporocysts of Schistosomiasis?

Answer 7

Fresh water snails

Question 8

How do fresh water snails infect humans?

Answer 8

They give rise to cercaria that penetrate through skin

Question 9

Where do schistosome migrate after skin penetration?

Answer 9

Peripheral vasculature to portal venous system and pelvic venus system

Question 10

How does tissue react to schistosome eggs?

Answer 10

Granulomas and fibrosis

Question 11

What completes life cycle of schistosomes?

Answer 11

Eggs shed in feces that hatch in water

Question 12

What causes the hepatic damage of schistosomes?

Answer 12

Toxic products and cell mediated immunity

Question 13

Which interleukins result in induction of IgE synthesis, mastocytosis, and eosinophilia?

Answer 13

IL-3, 4, and 5

Question 14

Resistance to re-infection correlates with what?

Answer 14

IgE levels

Question 15

Eggs induce lymphocytes to secrete what?

Answer 15

Fibrogenic factors

Question 16

Hallmark of Schistosomiasis?

Answer 16

Hepatic fibrosis out of proportion to parasite injury

Question 17

Pathology of Schisto?

Answer 17

Calcified pinhead granulomas form around schisto egg

Question 18

What do schisto granulomas induce?

Answer 18

Macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils

Question 19

Appearance of portal fibrosis in Schisto?

Answer 19

Pipestem

Question 20

Pipestem fibrosis results in what in Schisto?

Answer 20

Portal hypertension
Splenomegaly
Esophageal varices
Ascites

Question 21

How does one get liver flukes (Clonorchis siensis)?

Answer 21

Eating improperly cooked fish

Question 22

Where do adult flukes live?

Answer 22

Biliary ducts

Question 23

How long do flukes live?

Answer 23

20 years

Question 24

Chronic infection with liver flukes can cause what?

Answer 24

Cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma

Question 25

How does one get Taenia saginata?

Answer 25

Ingestion of undercooked beef

Question 26

How do you get Taenia solium?

Answer 26

Ingestion of undercooked pork

Question 27

Which Taenia causes Cysticercosus?

Answer 27

T. solium

Question 28

How does T. solium cause cysticercosus?

Answer 28

Eggs ingested, larvae hatch, penetrate gut wall, hematogenous dissemination results in cysts in CNS.

Question 29

Which cysts in CNS cause problems?

Answer 29

Degenerating cysts. Intact cysts cause little host reaction

Question 30

Echinococcus is known as what?

Answer 30

Canine tapeworm

Question 31

How does Echinococcus normally present?

Answer 31

Asymptomatic and chronic

Question 32

Hydatid cysts most commonly associated with what?

Answer 32

Echinococcus

Question 33

Hydatid cysts most commonly in what?

Answer 33

Liver and lungs

Question 34

Liver disease in which Echinococcus is almost always fatal?

Answer 34

E. multilocularis

Question 35

Hydatid cysts of which Echinococcus can cause anaphylactic reaction?

Answer 35

E. Granulosus

Question 36

Most common parasite in US?

Answer 36

Pinworms (Enterobius Vermicularis)

Question 37

How are pinworms spread?

Answer 37

Spread by oral ingestion of eggs from anus

Question 38

Most common symptom of pinworms?

Answer 38

Anal itching

Question 39

Lifespan of pinworms?

Answer 39

2 months

Question 40

Worms 3-4 the size of pinworms common in the tropics?

Answer 40

Whipworm (Trichuris trichura)

Question 41

What can whipworm cause?

Answer 41

Local hyperemia and lesions of colonic mucosa

Question 42

Common hookworms?

Answer 42

Hookworms (Necator amricanus/Ancylostoma duodenale)

Question 43

Hookworms attach where?

Answer 43

Upper levels of small intestine

Question 44

How is hookworm transmitted?

Answer 44

Infectious larvae, not eggs

Question 45

Where do hookworm larvae penetrate?

Answer 45

Between toes

Question 46

How does dissemination of Ascaris, Hookworms, and Strongyloides work?

Answer 46

Ingestion of eggs -> Bloodstream -> Lungs -> Invasion of filariform larvae -> esophagus -> Adult in intestine

Question 47

When hookworm penetrates skin what is left?

Answer 47

Small itchy papule where they penetrate skin

Question 48

What can result from hookworm traveling through lung?

Answer 48

Mild pneumonitis

Question 49

Most significant signs and symptoms from hookworm?

Answer 49

From ingestion of host blood | 0.2ml/worm/day

Question 50

What does Strongyloides parallel in distribution and life cycle?

Answer 50

Hookworm

Question 51

How does Strongyloide get in?

Answer 51

Filaria through skin

Question 52

Important reservoirs for Strongy?

Answer 52

Cats and dogs

Question 53

How does Strongy present?

Answer 53

Usually mild, but in immunosuppressed hyerinfection may result with severe pneumonitis and duodenitis

Question 54

2nd most common parasite of humans?

Answer 54

Ascariasis

Question 55

Where are Ascaris usually living unattached?

Answer 55

Small intestine

Question 56

Greatest danger of ascaris?

Answer 56

Abnormal migration in body to block biliary ducts/obstruction of small intestine

Question 57

4 small intestinal parasites?

Answer 57

1) Giardia 2) Hookworm 3) Stryongyloides 4) Ascaris

Question 58

How does one get Trichinella spiralis?

Answer 58

Ingestion of improperly cooked pork

Question 59

What do the larvae do in Trichinella?

Answer 59

Penetrate tissues, disseminate in blood, and encyst in muscle

Question 60

In trichinella what do trapped larvae in the lungs cause?

Answer 60

Eosinophillic infiltrate

Question 61

Trichinella has what effect on heart?

Answer 61

Patchy interstitial myocarditis with eosinophilia and giant cells resulting in scarring and heart failure

Question 62

Most effective treatment when dealing with larval migrans syndromes?

Answer 62

Corticosteroids and antihistamines to reduce inflammation

Question 63

Cutaneous larval migrans known as?

Answer 63

Ancylostoma

Question 64

Cutaneous larval migrans associated with?

Answer 64

Hookworms of dog and cat

Question 65

Cutaneous larval migrans is occupational disease of who?

Answer 65

Plumbers, construction workers, duck hunters, and anyone exposed to infected soil

Question 66

What is visceral larval migrans?

Answer 66

Infection of dog and cat ascaris with widespread and damaging dissemination of larvae throughout body

Question 67

Who normally gets visceral larval migrans?

Answer 67

Puppies spread to children

Question 68

What is known as neural larval migrans?

Answer 68

Balisascaris

Question 69

Who gets Balisascaris?

Answer 69

Children who eat dirt and have poor hygiene

Question 70

Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) is transmitted by what?

Answer 70

Mosquito

Question 71

Where do larvae develop of Lymphatic filariasis?

Answer 71

Lymph channels

Question 72

River blindness is caused by what?

Answer 72

Onchocerca volvulus

Question 73

What does Onchocerca volvulus cause?

Answer 73

Blindness

Question 74

Body lice and head lice cause what 3 disease?

Answer 74

1) Rickettsia prowazeki 2) Rochalimaea quintana 3) Borrellia recurrentis

Question 75

Blue spots indicative of what?

Answer 75

Crab louse

Question 76

Where do Chigger's take up residence?

Answer 76

Hair follicles

Question 77

What causes Chigger intense local inflammatory response?

Answer 77

Digestive enzyme

Question 78

Rhinosporidiosis causes what?

Answer 78

Granulomatous of mucous membranes resulting in polyp formation

Question 79

Rhinosporidiosis is what?

Answer 79

Aquatic protistan