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Pathology > Parasite 2 > Flashcards

Parasite 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue response to Helminths and Vermin?

A

Eosinophilic

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2
Q

What are the eosinophilic responses?

A

1) IgE, mast cells
2) Eosiniphilic chemotaxic factors
3) IL-4 and IL-5

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3
Q

Function of IL-4?

A

Switch to make IgE

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4
Q

Most important fatal helminth disease in humans?

A

Schistosomiasis

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5
Q

Death from Schistosomes caused by?

A

Hepatic granulomas and fibrosis

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6
Q

What does Schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa cause?

A

Hematuria/obstruction of bladder

Predisposition to squamous cell carcinoma of bladder

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7
Q

Where are sporocysts of Schistosomiasis?

A

Fresh water snails

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8
Q

How do fresh water snails infect humans?

A

They give rise to cercaria that penetrate through skin

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9
Q

Where do schistosome migrate after skin penetration?

A

Peripheral vasculature to portal venous system and pelvic venus system

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10
Q

How does tissue react to schistosome eggs?

A

Granulomas and fibrosis

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11
Q

What completes life cycle of schistosomes?

A

Eggs shed in feces that hatch in water

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12
Q

What causes the hepatic damage of schistosomes?

A

Toxic products and cell mediated immunity

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13
Q

Which interleukins result in induction of IgE synthesis, mastocytosis, and eosinophilia?

A

IL-3, 4, and 5

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14
Q

Resistance to re-infection correlates with what?

A

IgE levels

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15
Q

Eggs induce lymphocytes to secrete what?

A

Fibrogenic factors

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16
Q

Hallmark of Schistosomiasis?

A

Hepatic fibrosis out of proportion to parasite injury

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17
Q

Pathology of Schisto?

A

Calcified pinhead granulomas form around schisto egg

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18
Q

What do schisto granulomas induce?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils

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19
Q

Appearance of portal fibrosis in Schisto?

A

Pipestem

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20
Q

Pipestem fibrosis results in what in Schisto?

A

Portal hypertension
Splenomegaly
Esophageal varices
Ascites

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21
Q

How does one get liver flukes (Clonorchis siensis)?

A

Eating improperly cooked fish

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22
Q

Where do adult flukes live?

A

Biliary ducts

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23
Q

How long do flukes live?

A

20 years

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24
Q

Chronic infection with liver flukes can cause what?

A

Cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma

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25
Q

How does one get Taenia saginata?

A

Ingestion of undercooked beef

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26
Q

How do you get Taenia solium?

A

Ingestion of undercooked pork

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27
Q

Which Taenia causes Cysticercosus?

A

T. solium

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28
Q

How does T. solium cause cysticercosus?

A

Eggs ingested, larvae hatch, penetrate gut wall, hematogenous dissemination results in cysts in CNS.

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29
Q

Which cysts in CNS cause problems?

A

Degenerating cysts. Intact cysts cause little host reaction

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30
Q

Echinococcus is known as what?

A

Canine tapeworm

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31
Q

How does Echinococcus normally present?

A

Asymptomatic and chronic

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32
Q

Hydatid cysts most commonly associated with what?

A

Echinococcus

33
Q

Hydatid cysts most commonly in what?

A

Liver and lungs

34
Q

Liver disease in which Echinococcus is almost always fatal?

A

E. multilocularis

35
Q

Hydatid cysts of which Echinococcus can cause anaphylactic reaction?

A

E. Granulosus

36
Q

Most common parasite in US?

A

Pinworms (Enterobius Vermicularis)

37
Q

How are pinworms spread?

A

Spread by oral ingestion of eggs from anus

38
Q

Most common symptom of pinworms?

A

Anal itching

39
Q

Lifespan of pinworms?

A

2 months

40
Q

Worms 3-4 the size of pinworms common in the tropics?

A

Whipworm (Trichuris trichura)

41
Q

What can whipworm cause?

A

Local hyperemia and lesions of colonic mucosa

42
Q

Common hookworms?

A

Hookworms (Necator amricanus/Ancylostoma duodenale)

43
Q

Hookworms attach where?

A

Upper levels of small intestine

44
Q

How is hookworm transmitted?

A

Infectious larvae, not eggs

45
Q

Where do hookworm larvae penetrate?

A

Between toes

46
Q

How does dissemination of Ascaris, Hookworms, and Strongyloides work?

A

Ingestion of eggs -> Bloodstream -> Lungs -> Invasion of filariform larvae -> esophagus -> Adult in intestine

47
Q

When hookworm penetrates skin what is left?

A

Small itchy papule where they penetrate skin

48
Q

What can result from hookworm traveling through lung?

A

Mild pneumonitis

49
Q

Most significant signs and symptoms from hookworm?

A

From ingestion of host blood

0.2ml/worm/day

50
Q

What does Strongyloides parallel in distribution and life cycle?

A

Hookworm

51
Q

How does Strongyloide get in?

A

Filaria through skin

52
Q

Important reservoirs for Strongy?

A

Cats and dogs

53
Q

How does Strongy present?

A

Usually mild, but in immunosuppressed hyerinfection may result with severe pneumonitis and duodenitis

54
Q

2nd most common parasite of humans?

A

Ascariasis

55
Q

Where are Ascaris usually living unattached?

A

Small intestine

56
Q

Greatest danger of ascaris?

A

Abnormal migration in body to block biliary ducts/obstruction of small intestine

57
Q

4 small intestinal parasites?

A

1) Giardia
2) Hookworm
3) Stryongyloides
4) Ascaris

58
Q

How does one get Trichinella spiralis?

A

Ingestion of improperly cooked pork

59
Q

What do the larvae do in Trichinella?

A

Penetrate tissues, disseminate in blood, and encyst in muscle

60
Q

In trichinella what do trapped larvae in the lungs cause?

A

Eosinophillic infiltrate

61
Q

Trichinella has what effect on heart?

A

Patchy interstitial myocarditis with eosinophilia and giant cells resulting in scarring and heart failure

62
Q

Most effective treatment when dealing with larval migrans syndromes?

A

Corticosteroids and antihistamines to reduce inflammation

63
Q

Cutaneous larval migrans known as?

A

Ancylostoma

64
Q

Cutaneous larval migrans associated with?

A

Hookworms of dog and cat

65
Q

Cutaneous larval migrans is occupational disease of who?

A

Plumbers, construction workers, duck hunters, and anyone exposed to infected soil

66
Q

What is visceral larval migrans?

A

Infection of dog and cat ascaris with widespread and damaging dissemination of larvae throughout body

67
Q

Who normally gets visceral larval migrans?

A

Puppies spread to children

68
Q

What is known as neural larval migrans?

A

Balisascaris

69
Q

Who gets Balisascaris?

A

Children who eat dirt and have poor hygiene

70
Q

Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) is transmitted by what?

A

Mosquito

71
Q

Where do larvae develop of Lymphatic filariasis?

A

Lymph channels

72
Q

River blindness is caused by what?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

73
Q

What does Onchocerca volvulus cause?

A

Blindness

74
Q

Body lice and head lice cause what 3 disease?

A

1) Rickettsia prowazeki
2) Rochalimaea quintana
3) Borrellia recurrentis

75
Q

Blue spots indicative of what?

A

Crab louse

76
Q

Where do Chigger’s take up residence?

A

Hair follicles

77
Q

What causes Chigger intense local inflammatory response?

A

Digestive enzyme

78
Q

Rhinosporidiosis causes what?

A

Granulomatous of mucous membranes resulting in polyp formation

79
Q

Rhinosporidiosis is what?

A

Aquatic protistan

Pathology (18 decks)

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