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Pathology > Bacteria 2 > Flashcards

Bacteria 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 examples of common upper respiratory infections caused by normal flora?

A

1) Ottis media

2) sinusitis

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2
Q

What causes upper respiratory infections via normal flora?

A

Blockage of sinus ostia, estachian tube by virally induced or allergic inflammation

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3
Q

What causes invasive Upper respiratory disease in neonates?

A

E. coli and Group B Strep

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4
Q

What causes IURD in children 1-5?

A

H. influenzae type B

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5
Q

What cause IURD in adolscents and young adults?

A

N. meningitidis

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6
Q

What causes IURD in all age groups?

A

Strep pneumoniae

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7
Q

What is the key to pathogenicity for bacteria?

A

Encapsulation

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8
Q

Where does the pathogenesis begin?

A

Upper respiratory infection

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9
Q

What happens after the initial Upper respiratory infection?

A

Invasion of bacteria into deep tissues and bloodstream

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10
Q

What happens when the bacteria is disseminated in the body?

A

Bacteremia

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11
Q

What leads to vascular leakage?

A

Endothelial and macrophage activation by LPS

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12
Q

Vascular leakage leads to what?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

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13
Q

Infections with encapsulated organisms require what that Staph and strep infections don’t?

A

Antibodies or complement

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14
Q

What is a splenic condition that increases susceptibility to encapsulated organisms?

A

Asplenia

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15
Q

Where is Pneumococcus found?

A

Normal Upper respiratory flora

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16
Q

What does Pneumococcus look like?

A

Gram + diplococcus

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17
Q

Pneumococcus virulence factors?

A

Capsule and PspC (Pneumococcal surface protein C)

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18
Q

Disease caused by Pneumococcus?

A

Sepsis and meningitis

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19
Q

Where is N. meningitidis?

A

Exogenous

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20
Q

What does N. meningitides look like?

A

Gram -, diplococcus

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21
Q

Virulence factors of N. meningitides?

A

Capsule and LPS

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22
Q

Disease caused by N. meningitides?

A

DIC, sepsis, meningitis

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23
Q

Where is N. gonorrhea found?

A

Exogenous

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24
Q

What does N. gonorrhea look like?

A

Gram - diplococcus

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25
Q

Virulence factors of N. gonorrhea?

A

Capsule and LOS

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26
Q

Diseases of N. gonorrhea?

A

Septic arthritis

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27
Q

Where is H. influenza found?

A

Normal flora, type B exogenous

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28
Q

What does H. influenza look like?

A

Gram - pleomorphic

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29
Q

Virulence factors of H. influenza?

A

Capsule and LPS

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30
Q

Disease caused by H. Influenzae?

A

Sepsis and meningitis

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31
Q

What does invasive disease lead to?

A

Bacteremia

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32
Q

What is found on bacterial capsule that causes Sepsis or DIC?

A

LPS or PspC

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33
Q

Why do encapsulted bacteria and meningitis go to CSF?

A

No complement for opsonization

34
Q

In sepsis what does LPS stimulate?

A

Toll Like Receptors to induce systemic cytokine secretion and endothelial cell activation

35
Q

What is DIC?

A

Systemic coagulation caused by bacteria

36
Q

What limits Gonococci’s ability to cause DIC?

A

They have LOS instead of LPS

37
Q

Most common caused of community acquired pneumonia ?

A

Strep pneumoniae

38
Q

What special attachment does Strep pneumoniae have on its polysaccharide capsule?

A

PspC

39
Q

What virulence factor of Strep Pneumoniae inhibits alternate complement pathway?

A

PspA

40
Q

Who is the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for?

A

Children younger than 5 and adults with risk factors

41
Q

Who is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for?

A

Children two years or older

42
Q

What is one of the main nutritional requirements for Neisseria?

A

Iron

43
Q

Where is Neiserria found?

A

Not normal flora, exogenous

44
Q

Incubation time N. meningitides?

A

Less than a week

45
Q

What is N. meningitidis susceptible to?

A

Penicillin

46
Q

What causes the petechial rash in N. meningitidis?

A

Microhemorrhages in capillaries

47
Q

What is Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome?

A

Hemorrhage into adrenals

48
Q

Are vaccinations effective for meningococcal disease?

A

Yes, doesn’t cover group B though which is biggest in neonates

49
Q

Why do N. meningitidis vaccines not work in neonates?

A

Neonates cannot respond to capsular antigen vaccine

50
Q

How does N. Gonorrhea differ from N. Meningitidis?

A

Different capsule allows different behavior

51
Q

Where does N. Gonorrhea attach?

A

Columnar and transitional epithelia mucous membranes of genital tract, rectum, and nasopharynx

52
Q

N. Gonorrhea IgA protease allows for what?

A

Evasion of mucosal immunity

53
Q

Why has it been difficult to make a vaccine for N. Gonorrhea?

A

Antigenic variability

54
Q

What is a defining characteristic of H. influenza?

A

Unencapsulated mostly

55
Q

What can make H. influenza dangerous?

A

Encapsulation and endotoxin

56
Q

What is the window of vulnerability for invasive disease of Type B?

A

3 months to 3 years due to bad protective antibody response to type B capsular antigens

57
Q

What is a good way to vaccinate toddlers and infants with Type B?

A

Conjugate capsule with protein

58
Q

What causes Diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

59
Q

What causes the membrane formation of Diphtheria?

A

Local epithelial necrosis which releases exotoxin A

60
Q

What is characteristic of Whooping Cough?

A

Lymphocytosis

61
Q

What does the exotoxin of Whooping Cough do?

A

Leads to local ciliary paralysis

62
Q

What does the DPT vaccine do for cases of Whooping Cough?

A

Gives immunization to Exotoxin

63
Q

What is the Pertussis vaccine called?

A

Tdap for 10 years and older, DTaP for children younger than 7 years

64
Q

What does Diphtheria look like?

A

Gram + rod

65
Q

What does the exotoxin do in Diphtheria?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis and leads to fatty myocardial changes

66
Q

Biggest reason for death with Diphtheria?

A

Cardiac failure

67
Q

What type of infection are UTIs generally?

A

Gram negative infections

68
Q

What are the 2 main types of gram - infections?

A

1) Spread of organisms that have colonized GI tract

2) Contamination of tissues and materials from hospital environment

69
Q

Cause of most uncomplicated UTIs in absence of obstruction?

A

E. coli

70
Q

What causes suppurative infections of abdominal cavity?

A

Secondary to obstruction, perforation, and trauma

71
Q

What is Klebsiella pneumonia associated with?

A

Aspiration in hospital setting

72
Q

Characteristic of Klebsiella and Enterobacter in septicemia?

A

Association with thick mucoid capsule

73
Q

Defining characterstic of proteus marabilis?

A

Staghorn pyelonephritis due to chronic pyelonephritis

74
Q

What does Serrate marcescens cause?

A

Pneumonia and UTIs

75
Q

What defines Pseudomonas aeruginosa histologically?

A

Blue haze around blood vessels

76
Q

What is the common pathogenic organism in cystic fibrosis?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

77
Q

Outbreak of Legionella associated with?

A

Community outbreaks associated with contaminated aerosolized water supplies

78
Q

Biggest problem with Legionella?

A

Fibrinopurulent necrosis of pulmonary tissue

79
Q

How does helicobacter pylori survive in the stomach?

A

Urease creates protective layer of ammonia around organism

80
Q

What causes gingival infections?

A

Peptostreptococcus

Pathology (18 decks)

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