Paramedic National Test Medical Flashcards
1
Q
Normal lung sounds
A
Bronchial- loud, high pitch, hollow. Heard over upper sternum
Bronchovesicular- soft, lower pitch. Heard over scapula and 2,3 intercostal space lateral to sternum
Vesicular- soft, low pitch. Heard in lung periphery.
2
Q
Apneustic breathing pattern
A
Long, deep breaths that are stopped during inspirations then periods of apnea. (CNS injury or stroke)
3
Q
Biot’s (ataxic)
A
Irregular periods of breathing or gasping with apnea
Usually due to increased ICP
4
Q
Cheyne-Stokes
A
Increasing in rate and depth, decreasing in rate and depth with period of apnea
Neurological condition
5
Q
Kussmaul’s
A
Rapid and deep
DKA
6
Q
Right Upper Quadrant
A
Liver
Gall bladder
Stomach
7
Q
Left upper quadrant
A
Spleen
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
8
Q
Right lower quadrant
A
Appendix
Right ovary and tube
Bladder in distended
9
Q
Left lower quadrant
A
Left ovary and tube
Bladder if distended
10
Q
Types of pain
A
Visceral
Somatic
Referred
11
Q
Visceral
A
Internal organs damaged or injured
Vague, lull, aching, pressure
12
Q
Somatic
A
Irritation of peritoneal lining.
Sharp, localized, throbbing, deep breath increases pain
13
Q
Referred
A
Discomfort perceived in other parts of body, such as cardiac pain referred to jaw or arm.
14
Q
Cullens sign
A
Ecchymosis around umbilicus
Bleeding in abdominal cavity
15
Q
Grey turner’s
A
Ecchymosis in flank
Bleeding from kidneys
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis
16
Q
Kehr’s sign
A
Referred pain to shoulder
Ectopic or spleen injury
Blood under diaphragm
17
Q
Murphys sign
A
Right upper quadrant pain
Cholecystitis
18
Q
Brudzinski’s sign
A
Hip sleeves when neck is flexed
Meninges irritation, meningitis
19
Q
Hammans Sign
A
Crunching, rasping sound that correlates with heartbeat.
Heard over mediastinum
Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema, tracheobronchial trauma
20
Q
Homan’s sign
A
Pain in calf on dorsiflexing foot while leg is straight
DVT
21
Q
Kernig’s sign
A
Inability to straighted leg when hip is flexed 90 degrees
Meninges irritation, meningitis
22
Q
Blood pressure, what is it? (Formula)
A
B/P= Cardiac output X Systemic vascular resistance
B/P= CO X SVR
23
Q
Pulse pressure
A
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (narrows in shock and widens in increasing ICP)
24
Q
Map (mean arterial pressure)
A
Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle, good indicator of perfusion
Normal between 70-110 mmHg
Add diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure
25
HR, respiratory rate, and systolic BP for infants
100-160 bpm at birth
120 bpm after birth
Resp: 40-60 initially
20-30 by one year
BP: 70 mmHg at birth
90 mmHg at 1 year
26
Hr, respiration rate and systolic BP for toddlers
80-130 bpm
24-40 respiratory rate
70-100 mmHg
27
HR, Respiratory rate, and systolic BP for preschool
80-120 bpm
22-34 respiration rate
80-110 mmHg
28
HR, Respiratory Rate, and systolic BP for school age
70-110 bpm
18-30 respiratory rate
80-120 mmHg
29
HR, Respiratory rate, and systolic BP for adolescents
55-105 bpm
12-16 respiratory rate
11-120 mmhg
30
Infant ages
Birth to 1 year of age
31
Toddler
1-3 years of age
32
Preschool
3-5 years of age
33
School age
6-12 years of age
34
Adolescent
13-18 years of age
35
Pediatric triangle
Appearance
Work of breathing
Circulation to skin
36
Normal BGL
70-140 mg/dL
37
Troponin
Found in cardiac muscle
Most specific to cardiac muscle injury
38
Myoglobin
Found in striated muscle
Damaged to cardiac or skeletal muscle
39
Methemoglobin
Hemoglobin that is oxidized. Oxygen cannot attach
40
What causes methemoglobin?
```
Drugs such as:
Amyl nitrate
Benzocaine
Nitrates
Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside
Exposure to cyanide
```
41
Symptoms of methemoglobinemia
Color change from gray to cyanosis
CNS changes
Delirium
Death
42
When do we use blood as a choice of fluid replacement?
Hemorrhage
43
Colloid
Does not leak out of blood vessel quickly
| Has large particles or proteins
44
Examples of colloid solutions
Albumin
Hespan
Dextran
Blood plasma
45
Crystalloid solutions
Normal saline
Lactated ringers
5% D/W
46
Osmosis
Fluid movement from an area of less particle concentration to an area of greater concentration
47
Isotonic
Stays in blood vessels longer, field fluid replacement (NS, LR)
48
Hypertonic
Mor particles, fluid moves into vascular space while solution moves into cells
49
Example of hypertonic solution
D10
50
Hypotonic
Fluid moves out of vascular space into cells
51
5% dextrose in water, when to give it
MI
CHF
Giving drugs
KVO
52
Cations
Positive charged ions
53
Anions
Negative charged ions
54
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
55
Hemoglobin
Red blood cells carry oxygen on hemoglobin molecule
56
Hematocrit
Percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, approx. 45%
57
Leukocytes
White blood cells
58
Types of white blood cells
```
Eosinophils (fight parasites and other infections)
Neutrophils
Basophils
Lymptcytes
Monocytes
```
59
Thrombocytes
Platelets
60
What do platelets do?
Promotes clotting
61
Type 0- blood
Can give blood to any blood type
62
AB+
Can receive blood from any type
63
Fluid replacement dosing for adult and child
20 mL/kg
64
Fluid replacement for a newborn
10 mL/kg
65
Max for fluid replacement
60 mL/kg
66
Complication of IV, local
Infiltration, cellulitis, phlebitis, and thrombophlebitis
67
Systemic complications of an IV
Air or pulmonary embolus
Catheter shear
Sepsis
68
PICC
Peripherally inserted central catheters
Usually in arm, but long enough to go into central circulation
69
What is HCO3 and what’s the normal ranges
Bicarb, 22-26
Above 26= alkalosis
70
Types of shock
```
Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic (spinal)(distributive shock)
Septic (distributive shock)
Obstructive
```
71
Hypovolemic shock causes and findings
Loss of volume
```
Increased heart rate
Increased respirations
Eventually decreased BP
Pale/cyanotic
Flat neck veins
```
72
Cardiogenic shock causes
MI
Heart failure
Etc
73
Cardiogenic shock findings
Increased or decreased heart rate
Possible pulmonary edema
Pale or cyanotic skin
74
Anaphylactic shock causes
Severe allergic reaction
75
Anaphylactic shock assessment findings
```
Increased heart rate
Decreased BP
Severe respiratory difficulty
Wheezing
Stridor
Hives
Vasodilation
Capillary permeability
Angioedema
```
76
Neurogenic shock causes
Spinal injury
| Sympathetic nerve conduction interrupted
77
Neurogenic shock assessment findings
```
Decreased BP
HR normal or decreased
Skin dry and normal below injury (possible pale and clammy above)
Vasodilation
Hypothermia
```
78
Septic shock causes
Overwhelming infection, sepsis
79
Septic shock findings
```
Decreased BP
Possible increased or decreased temp
Pale
Cyanotic or red
Vasodilation
Capillary permeability
```
80
Obstructive shock causes
Pulmonary embolus
Cardiac tampanode
Tension pneumothorax
81
Obstructive shock assessment findings
Obstruction that does not allow blood to circulate through the heart.
82
Chemical and physical responses to shock
1. ) Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses sense change in BP and send message to cardiovascular centers in medulla
- antidiuetic hormone (ADH) from pituitary, increases PVR, retains water in kidneys
- Renin release by kidney to convert angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
(Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor)
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine released secreted from adrenal glands
- increases systemic vascular resistance (maintains BP), stimulates aldosterone which retain sodium and water in kidneys
83
Pharmacodynamics
Study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body
84
Pharmacokinetics
What body does to drug after administered
85
Controlled substance act (1970)
Places drugs that are addictive into 5 schedules
86
Schedule 1
Abuse potential high
No recognized medical indication
Ex: heroin, LSD, mescaline, crack cocaine
87
Schedule 2 drugs
Cocaine, morphine, fentanyl, methadone, etc. small medical indications
88
Autonomic nervous system is made up of what?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
89
Parasympathetic nervous system
Feed or breed
90
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight q
91
Parasympathetic nervous system chemical control
Acetylcholine found in nerve synapses
92
Sympathetic nervous system control and chemical control
Nerve roots in lower thoracic and upper lumbar area of spine
Norepinephrine
93
Inotropic
Contraction
94
Chronotropic
Rate
95
Dromotropic
Velocity of conduction through electrical system of heart
96
Catecholamines
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
97
Sympathomimetic or adrenergic
Stimulates the SNS (such as epi)
98
Enteral
Drugs given via GI tract such as orally, SL, nasogastric tube, rectally
99
Parenteral
All other routes besides enteral
100
IV bolus calculation formula
Total volume X Order dose
————————————
Total medication in vial
101
Grand mal seizure
Generalized seizure
102
Status epilepticus
Prolonged seizure over 5 min or 2 or more seizures without consciousness
103
Febrile seizure
Most common cause of seizures in young children, rapid spike in temp
104
Petit mal seizure
Occur in children, no loss of consciousness, many a day
Stare into space
105
Focal motor seizures (partial seizure)
From electrical disruption of one area of the brain.
106
Subarachnoid bleed
Described as “the worse headache ever”
Usually a cerebral aneurysm
Sudden onset of severe headache, neuro symptoms, unconsciousness
107
Cephalgia
Headache
108
Photophobia
Sensitivity to light
109
Syncope
Brief period of unconsciousness due to lack of blood supply to the brain
Lay patient supine
110
CNS neoplasm
Brain and spinal cord tumor
111
Diplopia
Double vision
112
Delirium
Sudden onset of confusion which is reversible
113
Dementia
Chronic deterioration of memory, reasoning, judgement
Not reversible, usually progressive deterioration
114
Alzheimer’s disease causes
Neurons die, buildup of plaque in brain
115
Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s
Memory loss, confusion, can be aggressive and violent; eventually cant communicate and requires complete care
116
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease cause
Infection usually due to eating contaminated beef
Always fatal
117
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease signs and symptoms
Ataxia (incoordination of muscle movements), jerking, visual impairment, mental deterioration
118
Gillian-Barre Syndrome signs and symptoms
tingling in fingers and toes, progressive muscle weakness, trouble talking and swallowing, difficulty breathing, paralysis
119
Gillian-Barre Syndrome causes
Autoimmune, usually viral, inflammation and destruction of myelin sheath
120
Multiple Sclerosis signs and symptoms
Diplopia, nystagmus, speech difficulties, weakness, impaired coordination
Progressive
121
Multiple sclerosis causes
Inflammation of nerve cells, loss of myelin sheath, inhibits nerve impulses, autoimmune
122
Myasthenia Gravis causes
Autoimmune disease, breakdown of between nerves and muscles
123
Myasthenia Gravis signs and symptoms
Neuromuscular weakness, fatigue, drooping of eyelids (ptosis), double vision, trouble swallowing.
124
Parkinson’s disease causes
Unknown cause, loss of dopamine producing brain cells
125
Parkinson’s Disease signs and symptoms
Impaired movements and coordination, tremors, rigidity, chronic and progressive
126
Pick disease causes
Genetic disease, damage to neurons
Actual cause not known
127
Pick disease signs and symptoms
Obsessive behavior, social inappropriate, mental highs or depression, tremors, incontinence
128
Wernicke Encepholopathy causes
```
Thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1)
Usually in chronic alcoholic (may be reversible)
```
129
Wernicke Encephalopathy signs and symptoms
Mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia
130
Viral meningitis
Most common type of meningitis
Presents with flu like symptoms
Usually not communicate
Less severe than bacterial
131
Bacterial meningitis
```
Presents with 1-2 days of fever
Head and back ache
Unchallenged rigidity
AMS
Bulging Fontanel
Rash
Irritability
```
132
Bacterial meningitis PPE
Can spread through droplets, saliva, mucus
Wear surgical mask on you and patient
133
Hydrocephalus
Buildup of fluid in ventricles of the brain
134
Appendicitis: location of pain, assessment findings
Location: RLQ (McBurney’s point), May have periumbilical pain initially, may have rebound, generalized if ruptured.
Assessment findings: Sick for several days, nausea and vomiting, low grade temperature (only high if ruptured), low appetite.
135
Cirrhosis of the liver- Location of pain, assessment findings
Location: RUQ
Assessment findings: Jaundice, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, bruising easily
136
Crohn’s Disease: Location of pain, Assessment findings
Location: RLQ
Assessment findings: Diarrhea, rectal bleeding, constipation, nausea, weight loss
137
Diverticulitis: Location of pain, Assessment findings, what it is
inflammation fo the pouch-like herniation in intestines
Location: usually LLQ
Assessment findings: Fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.
138
Mallory-Weiss Tear: Location of pain, Assessment Findings
Esophageal tear usually due to vomiting
Location of pain: absent pain
Assessment findings: Hematemesis, melena
*transport in revers Trendelenburg position
139
Pancreatitis: Location of pain and assessment findings
Location: LUQ and may radiate to back or epigastric area
Assessment findings: Diaphoresis, tachycardia, appears acutely ill, sepsis, shock
140
Peritonis: Location of pain and assessment findings
Inflammation of abdominal lining
Location: Pain can be anywhere, usually entire abdomen involved
Assessment findings: Fever, elevated heart rate, vomiting, localized guarding, rebound tenderness, distended and rigid abdomen.
141
Ulcerative colitis: location of pain and assessment findings
Location: Most often LLQ, rectal pain
Assessment findings: Loose or bloody stools, constipation, fever, weight loss.
142
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Location of pain, assessment findings
Location: Tearing or shearing abdominal pain and possibly back pain
Assessment findings: Unequal pulses in lower extremities, urge to defecate due to blood in retroperitoneal space, many times hypertensive history
(Transport rapidly and carefully, could rupture in route to hospital.)
143
Thoracic aortic aneurysm Locations of pain and assessment findings
Location: tearing pain in upper chest and between shoulder blades
Assessment findings: Unequal pulses in upper extremities
(Transport rapidly and carefully, could rupture in route to hospital)
144
ileostomy
Diverts from ileum, contents don’t pass through large intestine, liquid stool, may be green.
145
Colostomy
Diverts stool away from colon or large intestine, has bag on abdomen, usually has soft stool in bag.
146
Pathophysiology of acute kidney failure (AKF)
Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal
147
Prerenal
Low blood flow to kidneys- hemorrhage, heart failure, shock, sepsis
148
Intrarenal
Disease or damage within the kidneys- glomerular blood vessels- diabetes, certain drugs
149
Postrenal
Blockage to urine collecting system
150
Erythropoietin
Hormone secreted by kidneys to increase production of red blood cell in response to decreased oxygen.
151
End stage renal disease
Kidneys have completely and permanently shut down.
152
Dialysis
Movement of blood across membrane to remove toxins
153
Hemodialysis
Patient attached to machine to filter water products
154
Shunt
Connects artery to a vein, fistula is under skin, graft is a tube- may be external.
155
Due for or missed dialysis s/s
Fluid overload, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia with tall- peaked T waves, p-waves flattened and PR lengthens
156
During or right after dialysis-shock
Hypokalemia, ST depression, small T waves, prominent U waves (found after T wave)
157
Peritoneal dialysis
Tube inserted into abdominal cavity uses patient’s peritoneal membrane to exchange fluids and remove toxins/waste products.
158
Renal calculus
Kidney stone
159
S/S of a kidney stone
Unilateral severe flank pain, may have flank to groin pain, hematuria, pale, sweating, renal colic waves of pain due to peristalsis of ureter
160
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation (infection) of kidneys
161
Pyelonephritis S/S
Back or flank pain, hematuria, cloudy and foul smelling urine, high fever.
162
Cystitis
Inflammation (infection) of the kidneys
163
S/S of Cystitis
Lower mid abdominal pain/tenderness, frequent urination with burning, hematuria, urgency, cloudy, foul-smelling urine.
164
Epididymitis
Inflammation of epididymis- pain in groin, foul-smelling urine
165
Testicular torsion
Testicle twists on spermatic cord which provide blood to scrotum
166
Testicular torsion S/S
Sudden, severe scrotal pain and swelling; usually boy over 6 years old; true emergency
167
Endocrine System
Purpose is to produce hormones which affect other endocrine glands of body systems
168
Hypothalamus
Located in lower part of brain above brain stem, stimulates pituitary gland, plays a role in sleep, temperature, hunger, thirst, BP and water balance
169
Pituitary gland
Located in brain
Called “master” gland
Hormones it produces: ACTH, ADH, FSH, GH, Oxytocin, TSH
170
Parathyroid
Behind thyroid
| Helps to increase calcium levels in blood
171
Hyperparathyroid
Tired, weak, increased thirst and urination, kidney stones and can increase calcium
172
Thymus
Located in chest between sternum and heart
| Produces T-lymphocytes to help fight infection; not present in adults, atrophied during adolescence
173
Thyroid gland
In neck below the thyroid cartilage
| Affects metabolism and decreases calcium levels
174
Thyroid conditions
Grave’s disease
Thyrotoxicosis, thyroid storm (most severe form of hyperthyroid)
Myxedema
Myxedema coma (most severe form of hypothyroid)
175
grave’s disease s/s
```
Agitation and nervous
Heat intolerance (always hot)
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Hot and flushed skin
Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)
```
176
Graves’ disease management
Can use beta blockers
177
Thyrotoxicosis s/s
```
Fever
Sweating
Diarrhea
AMS
Hypoglycemia
Seizures
Hypotensive
```
178
Thyrotoxicosis management
Cool down
Beta blocker
Glucose if indicated
Bentos for seizures
179
Myxedema s/s
```
Fatigue and lethargy
Cold intolerance (always cold)
Bradycardia
Weight gain
Dry
Cold skin
Constipated
```
180
Myxedema management
Common thyroid meds: synthroid/ levothyroxine,
181
Adrenal glands
Located on top of each kidney
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, aldosterone which increases reabsorption of sodium, cortisol which increases energy
182
Adrenal insufficiency
Fails to produce adequate Cortisol and aldosterone
183
Addison’s disease S/S
```
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
```
184
Addison’s disease management
Usually on steroids like Prednisone
185
Addisonian crisis
Brought on by stress including trauma
186
Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome
Bleeding in adrenal glands due to infection
187
Addisonian crisis S/S
Severe vomiting and diarrhea
Hypotension
Shock
188
Addisonian crisis management
Fluids
May need D50
May need Calcium chloride if hyperkalemic
Patient may carry a kit with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone if in crisis (decreases BS and BP)
189
Cushings symdrome
Increased cortisol (tumors)
190
Cushing’s syndrome S/S
```
Weight gain
“Moon faced”
“Buffalo hump”
Increased facial hair but decreased scalp hair
Mood swings
```
191
Cushing’s syndrome management
Check blood sugar
| Treat symptomatically
192
Pineal gland
Center of brain
| Plays role in sleep
193
Pancreas
Upper abdomen behind stomach
| Produces insulin and glucagon
194
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose
Produced in beta cells of Islets of Langerhans
Serves as carrier for glucose to enter cells
195
Glucagon
Produced in alpha cells
| Increase blood glucose by stimulating liver which breaks down glycogen into glucose
196
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 and 2
197
Diabetes mellitus type 1
Does not produce insulin
Juvenile diabetic
IDDM- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
198
Type 2 diabetic
Insufficient insulin production or has insulin resistance
| Can control with diet or takes pills
199
HHNK
Hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic, nonketotic coma
(Also called hypersmolar nonketotic coma (HONK))
No ketones- S/S of DKA but no fruity odor breath or Kussmaul’s breathing, type 2 diabetic
200
Complications of diabetes
```
Stroke
kidney and heart disease
Decreased blood supply to legs
Vision changes- blindness
Neuropathy- nerve damage
```
201
Allergic reaction
Mast cells stimulate H1 histamine receptors:
- Vasodilates
- increased capillary permeability
- bronchoconstriction and laryngospasm
- Eosinophils (type of WBC) are elevated
202
Best drug to counteract histamine
Epinephrine
203
What kind of drug is benadryl
Antihistamine
204
Anaphylactic shock
Due to 3rd space fluid loss and vasodilation
205
Most common cause of anaphylactic shock
1- Penicillin injection
| 2nd- Hymenoptera stings (bee, wasps, hornets)
206
Anaphylactic reaction
Like anaphylaxis but not caused by IgE reaction, produced by injection of serum or protein.
Is symptomatic after first exposure
207
Collagen disease
Systemic lupus erythemotosus
Autoimmune disease
Swelling of joints, damage to skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood
208
Best way to prevent spread of disease
Hand washing
209
Hepatitis A
Fecal-oral contamination, not blood borne
Overseas travel
Contaminated food or water
210
Hepatitis B and C
Both blood borne, fluid borne
211
TB
May be antibiotic resistant
Spreads by droplets
N-95 mask worn by medic, regular surgical mask on patient
212
Influenza
8th leading cause of death in US
Respiratory spread, can be spread by droplet contaminated surfaces
Incubation 1-4 days
Contagious the day before symptoms and last 5-10 days
Vaccines 60% effective
213
Gonorrhea
Men- pain on urination and discharge from penis
| Women- fever, vaginal discharge, PID
214
Most common STD
Chlamydia
215
Second most common STD
Gonorrhea
216
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus (MRSA)
Transferred from one person to another through break in skin
Local skin abscesses, cellulitis, sepsis especially in elderly
217
Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus (VRSA)
Usually from catheters, recent hospitalizations, open wounds
| S/S- Fever chill, localized skin lesions, pneumonia, sepsis
218
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
Bacteria usually found in bowel and female genital tract.
219
Clostridium difficult (C diff)
Usually after hospital stay or course of antibiotics
S/S:
- watery diarrhea, green and foul smelling
- nausea
- vomiting
220
Excited delirium stimulants
```
MDMA
Bath salts
Flakka
Synthetic THC
Cocain
PCP
Methamphetamine
```
221
Narcotic
Opium, heroin, fentanyl, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, meperidine, hydrocodone, dilaudid
222
Stimulants
Cocaine, methamphetamine, bath salts, MDMA- ecstasy
223
Hallucinogens
LSD, PCP, Angel Dust, mushrooms
224
Assessment findings in a narcotic OD
Respiratory and central nervous system depression
Decreased respirations and level of consciousness
Small pupils
225
Stimulants assessment findings
```
Dilated pupils
Increased heart rate
Increased respirations
Increased BP
Increased body temp, excited, agitated/restless
Seizures
Vfib
```
226
Hallucinogens OD assessment findings
```
Behavioral changes
Paranoid
Could be danger to self or others
Increased BP and pulse
Pupils usually dilated
Hyperthermia
Chest pain
Epistaxis
```
227
Carbon monoxide poisoning findings and management
Headache
Confusion
Cyanosis
Cherry-red lips
Remove patient from source, high flow O2, CO monitor, hyperbaric
228
Organophosphate poisoning assessment and management
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI symptoms, emesis, constricted pupils, bradycardia
Scene safety, have patient remove clothes and then spray down, large doses of atropine
229
Salicylates- aspirin acetylsalicylic acid assessment and management
Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, hyperventilation, tachycardia, fever, sweating, tinnitus (ringing in ears), hearing loss
Large amounts of IV fluids, may need dialysis
230
Hemophilia
Genetic disease, blood clotting disorder
| Smallest cut can cause uncontrolled bleeding
231
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic disease
More common in African Americans, also can occur in people of Mediterranean decent
Pain and swelling joints, pain in chest, back or flank pain, priapism, infections, stroke or MI, spleen involvement
232
Leukocytosis
Too many WBC
233
Leukemia
Cancer of blood cells
234
Lymphoma
Cancer of lymphatic system
235
Thrombocytosis
Too many platelets
236
Thrombocytopenia
Decrease of platelets
237
Menstrual cycle
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Ischemic phase
238
Proliferative phase
First two weeks of cycle
- increased estrogen
- causes endometrium to thicken and become engorged with blood
239
Secretory phase
Time surrounding ovulation
240
Ischemic phase
If fertilization doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone decrease
241
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menses
242
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue grows outside of uterus, abdominal pain
243
Menarche
Onset of messes, first period
244
Menopause
Ending of menses, irregular bleeding
245
Mittelschmerz
Unilateral lower abdominal pain during ovulation
246
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pain usually in both lower quadrants, fever, foul smelling discharge
Most common causes are gonorrhea and chlamydia
247
Most definitive sign of pregnancy is amenorrhea
Without a period
248
Bloody show
Blood tinged mucus plug from cervix, occurs during cervical dilation
249
Braxton Hicks contractions
Irregular contractions
| “False labor”
250
Cephalon delivery
Head first
251
Gravida
Number of pregnancies including the current one
Primagravida is being pregnant for the first time
252
Para
Number of deliveries
Primapara- first delivery
253
Postpartum
After birth
254
Prenatal and antepartum
Conception til birth
255
Size of the uterus at 3 months
Top of pelvis
256
Size of uterus at 4-6 months
Umbilicus
257
Size of uterus at 9 months
Diaphragm
258
Placenta
Provides fetus with nutrients and gets rid of waste products
259
Normal length of pregnancy
40 weeks (nine months)
260
Blood volume during pregnancy
Increases by 45%, anemia is common
261
Umbilical cord
Attaches fetus to placenta.
2 arteries, 1 vein
262
Fetal circulation
O2 to fetus via umbilical vein-
- 1/2 of blood goes to the fetus’ liver
- 1/2 of blood goes to fetal circulation via ductus venosus
