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Paramedic > Paramedic National Test Medical > Flashcards

Paramedic National Test Medical Flashcards

1
Q

Normal lung sounds

A

Bronchial- loud, high pitch, hollow. Heard over upper sternum

Bronchovesicular- soft, lower pitch. Heard over scapula and 2,3 intercostal space lateral to sternum

Vesicular- soft, low pitch. Heard in lung periphery.

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2
Q

Apneustic breathing pattern

A

Long, deep breaths that are stopped during inspirations then periods of apnea. (CNS injury or stroke)

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3
Q

Biot’s (ataxic)

A

Irregular periods of breathing or gasping with apnea

Usually due to increased ICP

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4
Q

Cheyne-Stokes

A

Increasing in rate and depth, decreasing in rate and depth with period of apnea

Neurological condition

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5
Q

Kussmaul’s

A

Rapid and deep

DKA

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6
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Stomach

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7
Q

Left upper quadrant

A

Spleen
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas

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8
Q

Right lower quadrant

A

Appendix
Right ovary and tube
Bladder in distended

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9
Q

Left lower quadrant

A

Left ovary and tube

Bladder if distended

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10
Q

Types of pain

A

Visceral
Somatic
Referred

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11
Q

Visceral

A

Internal organs damaged or injured

Vague, lull, aching, pressure

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12
Q

Somatic

A

Irritation of peritoneal lining.

Sharp, localized, throbbing, deep breath increases pain

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13
Q

Referred

A

Discomfort perceived in other parts of body, such as cardiac pain referred to jaw or arm.

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14
Q

Cullens sign

A

Ecchymosis around umbilicus

Bleeding in abdominal cavity

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15
Q

Grey turner’s

A

Ecchymosis in flank

Bleeding from kidneys
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis

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16
Q

Kehr’s sign

A

Referred pain to shoulder

Ectopic or spleen injury
Blood under diaphragm

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17
Q

Murphys sign

A

Right upper quadrant pain

Cholecystitis

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18
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A

Hip sleeves when neck is flexed

Meninges irritation, meningitis

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19
Q

Hammans Sign

A

Crunching, rasping sound that correlates with heartbeat.
Heard over mediastinum

Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema, tracheobronchial trauma

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20
Q

Homan’s sign

A

Pain in calf on dorsiflexing foot while leg is straight

DVT

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21
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

Inability to straighted leg when hip is flexed 90 degrees

Meninges irritation, meningitis

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22
Q

Blood pressure, what is it? (Formula)

A

B/P= Cardiac output X Systemic vascular resistance

B/P= CO X SVR

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23
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (narrows in shock and widens in increasing ICP)

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24
Q

Map (mean arterial pressure)

A

Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle, good indicator of perfusion

Normal between 70-110 mmHg

Add diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure

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25
Q

HR, respiratory rate, and systolic BP for infants

A

100-160 bpm at birth
120 bpm after birth

Resp: 40-60 initially
20-30 by one year

BP: 70 mmHg at birth
90 mmHg at 1 year

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26
Q

Hr, respiration rate and systolic BP for toddlers

A

80-130 bpm

24-40 respiratory rate

70-100 mmHg

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27
Q

HR, Respiratory rate, and systolic BP for preschool

A

80-120 bpm

22-34 respiration rate

80-110 mmHg

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28
Q

HR, Respiratory Rate, and systolic BP for school age

A

70-110 bpm

18-30 respiratory rate

80-120 mmHg

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29
Q

HR, Respiratory rate, and systolic BP for adolescents

A

55-105 bpm

12-16 respiratory rate

11-120 mmhg

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30
Q

Infant ages

A

Birth to 1 year of age

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31
Q

Toddler

A

1-3 years of age

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32
Q

Preschool

A

3-5 years of age

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33
Q

School age

A

6-12 years of age

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34
Q

Adolescent

A

13-18 years of age

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35
Q

Pediatric triangle

A

Appearance
Work of breathing
Circulation to skin

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36
Q

Normal BGL

A

70-140 mg/dL

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37
Q

Troponin

A

Found in cardiac muscle

Most specific to cardiac muscle injury

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38
Q

Myoglobin

A

Found in striated muscle

Damaged to cardiac or skeletal muscle

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39
Q

Methemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that is oxidized. Oxygen cannot attach

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40
Q

What causes methemoglobin?

A 
Drugs such as:
Amyl nitrate
Benzocaine
Nitrates
Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside
Exposure to cyanide
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41
Q

Symptoms of methemoglobinemia

A

Color change from gray to cyanosis
CNS changes
Delirium
Death

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42
Q

When do we use blood as a choice of fluid replacement?

A

Hemorrhage

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43
Q

Colloid

A

Does not leak out of blood vessel quickly

Has large particles or proteins

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44
Q

Examples of colloid solutions

A

Albumin
Hespan
Dextran
Blood plasma

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45
Q

Crystalloid solutions

A

Normal saline
Lactated ringers
5% D/W

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46
Q

Osmosis

A

Fluid movement from an area of less particle concentration to an area of greater concentration

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47
Q

Isotonic

A

Stays in blood vessels longer, field fluid replacement (NS, LR)

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48
Q

Hypertonic

A

Mor particles, fluid moves into vascular space while solution moves into cells

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49
Q

Example of hypertonic solution

A

D10

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50
Q

Hypotonic

A

Fluid moves out of vascular space into cells

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51
Q

5% dextrose in water, when to give it

A

MI
CHF
Giving drugs
KVO

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52
Q

Cations

A

Positive charged ions

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53
Q

Anions

A

Negative charged ions

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54
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

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55
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen on hemoglobin molecule

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56
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percentage of red blood cells in whole blood, approx. 45%

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57
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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58
Q

Types of white blood cells

A 
Eosinophils (fight parasites and other infections)
Neutrophils
Basophils 
Lymptcytes
Monocytes
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59
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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60
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Promotes clotting

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61
Q

Type 0- blood

A

Can give blood to any blood type

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62
Q

AB+

A

Can receive blood from any type

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63
Q

Fluid replacement dosing for adult and child

A

20 mL/kg

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64
Q

Fluid replacement for a newborn

A

10 mL/kg

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65
Q

Max for fluid replacement

A

60 mL/kg

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66
Q

Complication of IV, local

A

Infiltration, cellulitis, phlebitis, and thrombophlebitis

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67
Q

Systemic complications of an IV

A

Air or pulmonary embolus
Catheter shear
Sepsis

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68
Q

PICC

A

Peripherally inserted central catheters

Usually in arm, but long enough to go into central circulation

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69
Q

What is HCO3 and what’s the normal ranges

A

Bicarb, 22-26

Above 26= alkalosis

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70
Q

Types of shock

A 
Hypovolemic 
Cardiogenic 
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic (spinal)(distributive shock)
Septic (distributive shock)
Obstructive
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71
Q

Hypovolemic shock causes and findings

A

Loss of volume

Increased heart rate
Increased respirations 
Eventually decreased BP
Pale/cyanotic
Flat neck veins
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72
Q

Cardiogenic shock causes

A

MI
Heart failure
Etc

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73
Q

Cardiogenic shock findings

A

Increased or decreased heart rate
Possible pulmonary edema
Pale or cyanotic skin

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74
Q

Anaphylactic shock causes

A

Severe allergic reaction

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75
Q

Anaphylactic shock assessment findings

A 
Increased heart rate 
Decreased BP
Severe respiratory difficulty 
Wheezing
Stridor
Hives
Vasodilation
Capillary permeability
Angioedema
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76
Q

Neurogenic shock causes

A

Spinal injury

Sympathetic nerve conduction interrupted

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77
Q

Neurogenic shock assessment findings

A 
Decreased BP
HR normal or decreased
Skin dry and normal below injury (possible pale and clammy above)
Vasodilation 
Hypothermia
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78
Q

Septic shock causes

A

Overwhelming infection, sepsis

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79
Q

Septic shock findings

A 
Decreased BP
Possible increased or decreased temp
Pale
Cyanotic or red
Vasodilation 
Capillary permeability
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80
Q

Obstructive shock causes

A

Pulmonary embolus
Cardiac tampanode
Tension pneumothorax

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81
Q

Obstructive shock assessment findings

A

Obstruction that does not allow blood to circulate through the heart.

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82
Q

Chemical and physical responses to shock

A
  1. ) Baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses sense change in BP and send message to cardiovascular centers in medulla
    - antidiuetic hormone (ADH) from pituitary, increases PVR, retains water in kidneys
  • Renin release by kidney to convert angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
    (Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor)
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine released secreted from adrenal glands
    • increases systemic vascular resistance (maintains BP), stimulates aldosterone which retain sodium and water in kidneys
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83
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body

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84
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What body does to drug after administered

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85
Q

Controlled substance act (1970)

A

Places drugs that are addictive into 5 schedules

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86
Q

Schedule 1

A

Abuse potential high
No recognized medical indication
Ex: heroin, LSD, mescaline, crack cocaine

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87
Q

Schedule 2 drugs

A

Cocaine, morphine, fentanyl, methadone, etc. small medical indications

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88
Q

Autonomic nervous system is made up of what?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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89
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Feed or breed

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90
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight q

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91
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system chemical control

A

Acetylcholine found in nerve synapses

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92
Q

Sympathetic nervous system control and chemical control

A

Nerve roots in lower thoracic and upper lumbar area of spine

Norepinephrine

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93
Q

Inotropic

A

Contraction

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94
Q

Chronotropic

A

Rate

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95
Q

Dromotropic

A

Velocity of conduction through electrical system of heart

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96
Q

Catecholamines

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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97
Q

Sympathomimetic or adrenergic

A

Stimulates the SNS (such as epi)

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98
Q

Enteral

A

Drugs given via GI tract such as orally, SL, nasogastric tube, rectally

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99
Q

Parenteral

A

All other routes besides enteral

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100
Q

IV bolus calculation formula

A

Total volume X Order dose
————————————
Total medication in vial

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101
Q

Grand mal seizure

A

Generalized seizure

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102
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Prolonged seizure over 5 min or 2 or more seizures without consciousness

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103
Q

Febrile seizure

A

Most common cause of seizures in young children, rapid spike in temp

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104
Q

Petit mal seizure

A

Occur in children, no loss of consciousness, many a day

Stare into space

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105
Q

Focal motor seizures (partial seizure)

A

From electrical disruption of one area of the brain.

106
Q

Subarachnoid bleed

A

Described as “the worse headache ever”

Usually a cerebral aneurysm

Sudden onset of severe headache, neuro symptoms, unconsciousness

107
Q

Cephalgia

108
Q

Photophobia

A

Sensitivity to light

109
Q

Syncope

A

Brief period of unconsciousness due to lack of blood supply to the brain

Lay patient supine

110
Q

CNS neoplasm

A

Brain and spinal cord tumor

111
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

112
Q

Delirium

A

Sudden onset of confusion which is reversible

113
Q

Dementia

A

Chronic deterioration of memory, reasoning, judgement

Not reversible, usually progressive deterioration

114
Q

Alzheimer’s disease causes

A

Neurons die, buildup of plaque in brain

115
Q

Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A

Memory loss, confusion, can be aggressive and violent; eventually cant communicate and requires complete care

116
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease cause

A

Infection usually due to eating contaminated beef

Always fatal

117
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease signs and symptoms

A

Ataxia (incoordination of muscle movements), jerking, visual impairment, mental deterioration

118
Q

Gillian-Barre Syndrome signs and symptoms

A

tingling in fingers and toes, progressive muscle weakness, trouble talking and swallowing, difficulty breathing, paralysis

119
Q

Gillian-Barre Syndrome causes

A

Autoimmune, usually viral, inflammation and destruction of myelin sheath

120
Q

Multiple Sclerosis signs and symptoms

A

Diplopia, nystagmus, speech difficulties, weakness, impaired coordination

Progressive

121
Q

Multiple sclerosis causes

A

Inflammation of nerve cells, loss of myelin sheath, inhibits nerve impulses, autoimmune

122
Q

Myasthenia Gravis causes

A

Autoimmune disease, breakdown of between nerves and muscles

123
Q

Myasthenia Gravis signs and symptoms

A

Neuromuscular weakness, fatigue, drooping of eyelids (ptosis), double vision, trouble swallowing.

124
Q

Parkinson’s disease causes

A

Unknown cause, loss of dopamine producing brain cells

125
Q

Parkinson’s Disease signs and symptoms

A

Impaired movements and coordination, tremors, rigidity, chronic and progressive

126
Q

Pick disease causes

A

Genetic disease, damage to neurons

Actual cause not known

127
Q

Pick disease signs and symptoms

A

Obsessive behavior, social inappropriate, mental highs or depression, tremors, incontinence

128
Q

Wernicke Encepholopathy causes

A 
Thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1)
Usually in chronic alcoholic (may be reversible)
129
Q

Wernicke Encephalopathy signs and symptoms

A

Mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia

130
Q

Viral meningitis

A

Most common type of meningitis
Presents with flu like symptoms
Usually not communicate
Less severe than bacterial

131
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A 
Presents with 1-2 days of fever
Head and back ache
Unchallenged rigidity
AMS
Bulging Fontanel
Rash
Irritability
132
Q

Bacterial meningitis PPE

A

Can spread through droplets, saliva, mucus

Wear surgical mask on you and patient

133
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Buildup of fluid in ventricles of the brain

134
Q

Appendicitis: location of pain, assessment findings

A

Location: RLQ (McBurney’s point), May have periumbilical pain initially, may have rebound, generalized if ruptured.

Assessment findings: Sick for several days, nausea and vomiting, low grade temperature (only high if ruptured), low appetite.

135
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver- Location of pain, assessment findings

A

Location: RUQ

Assessment findings: Jaundice, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, bruising easily

136
Q

Crohn’s Disease: Location of pain, Assessment findings

A

Location: RLQ

Assessment findings: Diarrhea, rectal bleeding, constipation, nausea, weight loss

137
Q

Diverticulitis: Location of pain, Assessment findings, what it is

A

inflammation fo the pouch-like herniation in intestines

Location: usually LLQ

Assessment findings: Fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.

138
Q

Mallory-Weiss Tear: Location of pain, Assessment Findings

A

Esophageal tear usually due to vomiting

Location of pain: absent pain

Assessment findings: Hematemesis, melena
*transport in revers Trendelenburg position

139
Q

Pancreatitis: Location of pain and assessment findings

A

Location: LUQ and may radiate to back or epigastric area

Assessment findings: Diaphoresis, tachycardia, appears acutely ill, sepsis, shock

140
Q

Peritonis: Location of pain and assessment findings

A

Inflammation of abdominal lining

Location: Pain can be anywhere, usually entire abdomen involved

Assessment findings: Fever, elevated heart rate, vomiting, localized guarding, rebound tenderness, distended and rigid abdomen.

141
Q

Ulcerative colitis: location of pain and assessment findings

A

Location: Most often LLQ, rectal pain

Assessment findings: Loose or bloody stools, constipation, fever, weight loss.

142
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Location of pain, assessment findings

A

Location: Tearing or shearing abdominal pain and possibly back pain

Assessment findings: Unequal pulses in lower extremities, urge to defecate due to blood in retroperitoneal space, many times hypertensive history
(Transport rapidly and carefully, could rupture in route to hospital.)

143
Q

Thoracic aortic aneurysm Locations of pain and assessment findings

A

Location: tearing pain in upper chest and between shoulder blades

Assessment findings: Unequal pulses in upper extremities
(Transport rapidly and carefully, could rupture in route to hospital)

144
Q

ileostomy

A

Diverts from ileum, contents don’t pass through large intestine, liquid stool, may be green.

145
Q

Colostomy

A

Diverts stool away from colon or large intestine, has bag on abdomen, usually has soft stool in bag.

146
Q

Pathophysiology of acute kidney failure (AKF)

A

Prerenal
Intrarenal
Postrenal

147
Q

Prerenal

A

Low blood flow to kidneys- hemorrhage, heart failure, shock, sepsis

148
Q

Intrarenal

A

Disease or damage within the kidneys- glomerular blood vessels- diabetes, certain drugs

149
Q

Postrenal

A

Blockage to urine collecting system

150
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by kidneys to increase production of red blood cell in response to decreased oxygen.

151
Q

End stage renal disease

A

Kidneys have completely and permanently shut down.

152
Q

Dialysis

A

Movement of blood across membrane to remove toxins

153
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Patient attached to machine to filter water products

154
Q

Shunt

A

Connects artery to a vein, fistula is under skin, graft is a tube- may be external.

155
Q

Due for or missed dialysis s/s

A

Fluid overload, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia with tall- peaked T waves, p-waves flattened and PR lengthens

156
Q

During or right after dialysis-shock

A

Hypokalemia, ST depression, small T waves, prominent U waves (found after T wave)

157
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Tube inserted into abdominal cavity uses patient’s peritoneal membrane to exchange fluids and remove toxins/waste products.

158
Q

Renal calculus

A

Kidney stone

159
Q

S/S of a kidney stone

A

Unilateral severe flank pain, may have flank to groin pain, hematuria, pale, sweating, renal colic waves of pain due to peristalsis of ureter

160
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation (infection) of kidneys

161
Q

Pyelonephritis S/S

A

Back or flank pain, hematuria, cloudy and foul smelling urine, high fever.

162
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation (infection) of the kidneys

163
Q

S/S of Cystitis

A

Lower mid abdominal pain/tenderness, frequent urination with burning, hematuria, urgency, cloudy, foul-smelling urine.

164
Q

Epididymitis

A

Inflammation of epididymis- pain in groin, foul-smelling urine

165
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Testicle twists on spermatic cord which provide blood to scrotum

166
Q

Testicular torsion S/S

A

Sudden, severe scrotal pain and swelling; usually boy over 6 years old; true emergency

167
Q

Endocrine System

A

Purpose is to produce hormones which affect other endocrine glands of body systems

168
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located in lower part of brain above brain stem, stimulates pituitary gland, plays a role in sleep, temperature, hunger, thirst, BP and water balance

169
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Located in brain
Called “master” gland
Hormones it produces: ACTH, ADH, FSH, GH, Oxytocin, TSH

170
Q

Parathyroid

A

Behind thyroid

Helps to increase calcium levels in blood

171
Q

Hyperparathyroid

A

Tired, weak, increased thirst and urination, kidney stones and can increase calcium

172
Q

Thymus

A

Located in chest between sternum and heart

Produces T-lymphocytes to help fight infection; not present in adults, atrophied during adolescence

173
Q

Thyroid gland

A

In neck below the thyroid cartilage

Affects metabolism and decreases calcium levels

174
Q

Thyroid conditions

A

Grave’s disease
Thyrotoxicosis, thyroid storm (most severe form of hyperthyroid)
Myxedema
Myxedema coma (most severe form of hypothyroid)

175
Q

grave’s disease s/s

A 
Agitation and nervous
Heat intolerance (always hot) 
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Hot and flushed skin
Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Exophthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)
176
Q

Graves’ disease management

A

Can use beta blockers

177
Q

Thyrotoxicosis s/s

A 
Fever 
Sweating
Diarrhea
AMS
Hypoglycemia
Seizures
Hypotensive
178
Q

Thyrotoxicosis management

A

Cool down
Beta blocker
Glucose if indicated
Bentos for seizures

179
Q

Myxedema s/s

A 
Fatigue and lethargy
Cold intolerance (always cold)
Bradycardia
Weight gain
Dry
Cold skin
Constipated
180
Q

Myxedema management

A

Common thyroid meds: synthroid/ levothyroxine,

181
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Located on top of each kidney
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, aldosterone which increases reabsorption of sodium, cortisol which increases energy

182
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Fails to produce adequate Cortisol and aldosterone

183
Q

Addison’s disease S/S

A 
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
184
Q

Addison’s disease management

A

Usually on steroids like Prednisone

185
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

Brought on by stress including trauma

186
Q

Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome

A

Bleeding in adrenal glands due to infection

187
Q

Addisonian crisis S/S

A

Severe vomiting and diarrhea
Hypotension
Shock

188
Q

Addisonian crisis management

A

Fluids
May need D50
May need Calcium chloride if hyperkalemic
Patient may carry a kit with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone if in crisis (decreases BS and BP)

189
Q

Cushings symdrome

A

Increased cortisol (tumors)

190
Q

Cushing’s syndrome S/S

A 
Weight gain
“Moon faced”
“Buffalo hump”
Increased facial hair but decreased scalp hair
Mood swings
191
Q

Cushing’s syndrome management

A

Check blood sugar

Treat symptomatically

192
Q

Pineal gland

A

Center of brain

Plays role in sleep

193
Q

Pancreas

A

Upper abdomen behind stomach

Produces insulin and glucagon

194
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose
Produced in beta cells of Islets of Langerhans
Serves as carrier for glucose to enter cells

195
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced in alpha cells

Increase blood glucose by stimulating liver which breaks down glycogen into glucose

196
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1 and 2

197
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1

A

Does not produce insulin
Juvenile diabetic
IDDM- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

198
Q

Type 2 diabetic

A

Insufficient insulin production or has insulin resistance

Can control with diet or takes pills

199
Q

HHNK

A

Hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic, nonketotic coma
(Also called hypersmolar nonketotic coma (HONK))

No ketones- S/S of DKA but no fruity odor breath or Kussmaul’s breathing, type 2 diabetic

200
Q

Complications of diabetes

A 
Stroke
kidney and heart disease
Decreased blood supply to legs
Vision changes- blindness
Neuropathy- nerve damage
201
Q

Allergic reaction

A

Mast cells stimulate H1 histamine receptors:

  • Vasodilates
  • increased capillary permeability
  • bronchoconstriction and laryngospasm
  • Eosinophils (type of WBC) are elevated
202
Q

Best drug to counteract histamine

A

Epinephrine

203
Q

What kind of drug is benadryl

A

Antihistamine

204
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

Due to 3rd space fluid loss and vasodilation

205
Q

Most common cause of anaphylactic shock

A

1- Penicillin injection

2nd- Hymenoptera stings (bee, wasps, hornets)

206
Q

Anaphylactic reaction

A

Like anaphylaxis but not caused by IgE reaction, produced by injection of serum or protein.
Is symptomatic after first exposure

207
Q

Collagen disease

A

Systemic lupus erythemotosus

Autoimmune disease
Swelling of joints, damage to skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood

208
Q

Best way to prevent spread of disease

A

Hand washing

209
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Fecal-oral contamination, not blood borne
Overseas travel
Contaminated food or water

210
Q

Hepatitis B and C

A

Both blood borne, fluid borne

211
Q

TB

A

May be antibiotic resistant
Spreads by droplets
N-95 mask worn by medic, regular surgical mask on patient

212
Q

Influenza

A

8th leading cause of death in US
Respiratory spread, can be spread by droplet contaminated surfaces
Incubation 1-4 days
Contagious the day before symptoms and last 5-10 days
Vaccines 60% effective

213
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Men- pain on urination and discharge from penis

Women- fever, vaginal discharge, PID

214
Q

Most common STD

215
Q

Second most common STD

216
Q

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus (MRSA)

A

Transferred from one person to another through break in skin
Local skin abscesses, cellulitis, sepsis especially in elderly

217
Q

Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus (VRSA)

A

Usually from catheters, recent hospitalizations, open wounds

S/S- Fever chill, localized skin lesions, pneumonia, sepsis

218
Q

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)

A

Bacteria usually found in bowel and female genital tract.

219
Q

Clostridium difficult (C diff)

A

Usually after hospital stay or course of antibiotics
S/S:
- watery diarrhea, green and foul smelling
- nausea
- vomiting

220
Q

Excited delirium stimulants

A 
MDMA
Bath salts
Flakka
Synthetic THC
Cocain
PCP
Methamphetamine
221
Q

Narcotic

A

Opium, heroin, fentanyl, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, methadone, meperidine, hydrocodone, dilaudid

222
Q

Stimulants

A

Cocaine, methamphetamine, bath salts, MDMA- ecstasy

223
Q

Hallucinogens

A

LSD, PCP, Angel Dust, mushrooms

224
Q

Assessment findings in a narcotic OD

A

Respiratory and central nervous system depression
Decreased respirations and level of consciousness
Small pupils

225
Q

Stimulants assessment findings

A 
Dilated pupils 
Increased heart rate
Increased respirations 
Increased BP
Increased body temp, excited, agitated/restless
Seizures
Vfib
226
Q

Hallucinogens OD assessment findings

A 
Behavioral changes
Paranoid
Could be danger to self or others
Increased BP and pulse
Pupils usually dilated
Hyperthermia
Chest pain 
Epistaxis
227
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning findings and management

A

Headache
Confusion
Cyanosis
Cherry-red lips

Remove patient from source, high flow O2, CO monitor, hyperbaric

228
Q

Organophosphate poisoning assessment and management

A

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI symptoms, emesis, constricted pupils, bradycardia

Scene safety, have patient remove clothes and then spray down, large doses of atropine

229
Q

Salicylates- aspirin acetylsalicylic acid assessment and management

A

Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, hyperventilation, tachycardia, fever, sweating, tinnitus (ringing in ears), hearing loss

Large amounts of IV fluids, may need dialysis

230
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic disease, blood clotting disorder

Smallest cut can cause uncontrolled bleeding

231
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Genetic disease
More common in African Americans, also can occur in people of Mediterranean decent
Pain and swelling joints, pain in chest, back or flank pain, priapism, infections, stroke or MI, spleen involvement

232
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Too many WBC

233
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of blood cells

234
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancer of lymphatic system

235
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Too many platelets

236
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Decrease of platelets

237
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Ischemic phase

238
Q

Proliferative phase

A

First two weeks of cycle

  • increased estrogen
  • causes endometrium to thicken and become engorged with blood
239
Q

Secretory phase

A

Time surrounding ovulation

240
Q

Ischemic phase

A

If fertilization doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone decrease

241
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful menses

242
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometrial tissue grows outside of uterus, abdominal pain

243
Q

Menarche

A

Onset of messes, first period

244
Q

Menopause

A

Ending of menses, irregular bleeding

245
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Unilateral lower abdominal pain during ovulation

246
Q

PID

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pain usually in both lower quadrants, fever, foul smelling discharge

Most common causes are gonorrhea and chlamydia

247
Q

Most definitive sign of pregnancy is amenorrhea

A

Without a period

248
Q

Bloody show

A

Blood tinged mucus plug from cervix, occurs during cervical dilation

249
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

Irregular contractions

“False labor”

250
Q

Cephalon delivery

A

Head first

251
Q

Gravida

A

Number of pregnancies including the current one

Primagravida is being pregnant for the first time

252
Q

Para

A

Number of deliveries

Primapara- first delivery

253
Q

Postpartum

A

After birth

254
Q

Prenatal and antepartum

A

Conception til birth

255
Q

Size of the uterus at 3 months

A

Top of pelvis

256
Q

Size of uterus at 4-6 months

257
Q

Size of uterus at 9 months

258
Q

Placenta

A

Provides fetus with nutrients and gets rid of waste products

259
Q

Normal length of pregnancy

A

40 weeks (nine months)

260
Q

Blood volume during pregnancy

A

Increases by 45%, anemia is common

261
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Attaches fetus to placenta.

2 arteries, 1 vein

262
Q

Fetal circulation

A

O2 to fetus via umbilical vein-

  • 1/2 of blood goes to the fetus’ liver
  • 1/2 of blood goes to fetal circulation via ductus venosus

Paramedic (39 decks)

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