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Paramedic > Cardiology And EKGs > Flashcards

Cardiology And EKGs Flashcards

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1
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain caused by cardiac ischemia

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2
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability of cardiac cells to initiate or generate an electrical impulse

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respirations

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4
Q

Cardiac

A

Pertaining to the heart

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5
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute. Measured by multiplying the heart rate (HR) by the stroke volume (SV).

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6
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability of cardiac cells to transmit an electrical impulse

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7
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical impulse by contracting

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8
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue-grey color of the lips, ski, and nail beds caused by a lack of oxygen

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9
Q

Depolarization

A

Conduction of an electrical impulse through the heart muscle; normally causes a cardiac muscle contraction.

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10
Q

dyspnea

A

Difficult or uncomfortable breathing

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11
Q

Excitability

A

Ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical impulse

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12
Q

Heart

A

Muscular organ that pumps blood to the body cells

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13
Q

Heart/lung circulation

A

Transportation of blood from the body cells, through the heart and lungs, and back to the body cells

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14
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

The number of times the left ventricle contracts in 1 minute

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15
Q

Hypotension

A

Decreased blood pressure; below the patient’s normal blood pressure

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16
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased supply of oxygen to the cells

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17
Q

Lungs

A

Organs that remove carbon dioxide from the blood replacing it with oxygen

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18
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI, heart attach)

A

death of cardiac tissue

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19
Q

Perfusion

A

Movement of blood through a specific organ or part of the body, such as the cells of the heart muscle

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20
Q

Polarization

A

Cardiac ready state; the cells are ready to respond to an electrical impulse

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21
Q

Pulmonary

A

Pertaining to the lungs

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22
Q

Repolarization

A

Cardiac recovery phase; the cells are returning to the ready state

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23
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each contraction or beat.

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24
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

The period of timing during which the cardiac cells have not sufficiently repolarized and cannot contract again

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25
Q

Artifact

A

Interference or static seen on the monitor

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26
Q

Biphasic (diphasic)

A

Going in two opposite directions; describes a complex component that is both above and below the baseline

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27
Q

Calipers

A

Instrument used to measure the regularity of the P to P and R to R intervals, and measure the length of various waveforms on a rhythm strip

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28
Q

Complex components

A

Set of waves seen on a monitor, which represents an electrical impulse traveling through the electrical conduction pathway of the heart; includes P, Q, R, S, and T waves

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29
Q

Electrode

A

Adhesive pad that is attached to the patient’s skin.

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30
Q

Lead wires

A

Wires that connect the electrodes to the monitor or telemetry unit

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31
Q

Leads

A

Specific placement of electrodes on the patient’s skin to record electrical activity

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32
Q

Monitor

A

A TV-like screen that shows the conduction of electrical impulses as they travel through the electrical conduction pathway of the heart

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33
Q

P to P interval

A

Length of time between one P wave and the next P wave

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34
Q

Rate

A

Number of electrical impulses occurring in 1 minute

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35
Q

Refractory period

A

Time between depolarization and repolarization

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36
Q

Relative refractory period

A

The period of time during which cardiac cells have repolarized enough that some cells can be stimulated to depolarize

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37
Q

Rhythm

A

Regularity of the appearance of the complex components

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38
Q

R to R interval

A

Length of time between one R wave and the next R wave

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39
Q

A deflection wave above the baseline is __________ and indicates electrical flow toward a __________ ____________.

A

positive (+), Positive electrode

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40
Q

Sodium and potassium in relation to the cell and polarization, depolarization, and repolarization

A

Sodium outside the cell and potassium inside the cell during polarization, potassium gets pushed outside the cell while sodium takes its place inside the cell causing an electrical impulse during depolarization, and during repolarization the sodium is moving back outside the cell while potassium is going back inside the cell.

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41
Q

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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42
Q

Valve between the left atrium and ventricle

A

Mitral valve

43
Q

Valve between the aorta and left ventricle

A

Aortic valve

44
Q

Valve between the pulmonary artery and the right atrium

A

Pulmonic valve

45
Q

Epicardium

A

The outer layer of the cardiac muscle and is a thin protective membrane that covers the outside of the heart

46
Q

Myocardium

A

The middle layer of the cardiac wall, this layer is the heart muscle that contracts and provides the pumping action needed to circulate blood.

47
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer of the cardiac wall, lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves.

48
Q

Pericardial sac

A

Loose fitting membrane that contains the heart, a small amount of fluid can be found in the space between the epicardium and pericardium (15-50 mL)

49
Q

1 small square on the graph paper

A

0.04 seconds

50
Q

5 small squares on the graph paper

A

0.20 seconds

51
Q

15 large squares

A

3 seconds

52
Q

30 large squares

A

6 seconds

53
Q

One small square up

A

0.1 millivolt (mV)

54
Q

One big square up

A

0.5 millivolts (mV)

55
Q

Up on the graph paper reads what?

A

Voltage/ amplitude

56
Q

Length left to right on the graph paper reads what?

A

Time

57
Q

SA node heart rate

A

60-100

58
Q

AV node heart rate

A

40-60

59
Q

Ventricular beat heart rate

A

20-40

60
Q

Anything less than 20 beats per minute is considered what?

A

Atonal

61
Q

Accessory pathway

A

Additional or abnormal electrical conduction pathway; the bundle of Kent (Kent bundle) is an example

62
Q

Antegrade

A

Downward movement of an electrical impulse from atria to ventricles

63
Q

Atrial dysrhythmias

A

Rhythms that are initiated from a pacemaker site in the atria, when the sinoatrial (SA) node fails to initiate an electrical impulse

64
Q

bradycardia

A

Heart rate slower than 60 electrical impulses per minute

65
Q

Compensatory pause

A

A pause in the rhythm that measures two times the R to R interval of the underlying rhythm

66
Q

Delta wave

A

Extra “bump” seen in the slurred section at the beginning of a QRS complex; seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

67
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

Abnormal cardiac rhythm; may be used interchangeably with the term arrhythmia

68
Q

Inherent heart rate

A

Normal rate at which electrical impulses are generated; for the sinoatrial node it is 60-100 beats/minute

69
Q

Noncompensatory pause

A

A pause in the rhythm that measures less than two times the R to R interval of the underlying rhythm

70
Q

Normal electrical conduction pathway

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node to atrioventricular (AV) node, through the bundle of His and bundle branches, to the Purkinje fibers, ending in the ventricular muscle

71
Q

Paroxysmal

A

sudden, intermittent start and stop symptoms or dysrhythmias; usually used to describe a type of atrial tachycardia

72
Q

Premature complex

A

A complex that occurs earlier than expected in the underlying rhythm

73
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Primary pacemaker of the heart; it usually initiates the electrical impulses that travel through the electrical conduction pathway of the heart

74
Q

Sinus rhythms

A

Cardiac rhythms that slow the movement of an electrical impulse traveling from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles, following the normal electrical conduction pathway

75
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart rate faster than 100 electrical impulses per minute

76
Q

Sinus tachycardia

A

Heart rate between 101-150 beats per minute
Because it follows a normal pathway, there is:
-An upright P wave before every QRS complex
-PR intervals remain within normal range of 0.12 - 0.20 seconds
-QRS complexes are normal at 0.04-0.12 seconds
- The P wave could be hidden within the T wave.

77
Q

Sinus Arrhythmia

A

Occurs when the SA node initiates all the electrical impulses but at irregular intervals.

The P to P intervals and the R to R intervals change with respirations, producing an irregular rhythm.

The PR interval normal at 0.12-0.20
QRS complex normal at 0.04-0.12

6 second rhythm strip is the most reliable method in determining heart rate.

78
Q

Sinus Exit Block

A

Occurs when the SA node initiates an electrical impulse that is blocked and not conducted to the atria.
The atria and ventricles do not depolarize, and a P wave will not be seen until the next conducted complex.

79
Q

Sinus arrest (sinus pause)

A

Occurs when the SA node does not initiate an electrical impulse.
Because an impulse is not generated, depolarization will not occur and the next expected complex will not be seen.

80
Q

PAC

A

Premature Atrial Complex

Originates from any atrial site outside the SA node

81
Q

Compensatory pause

A

Measured from the R wave of the complex before the PAC (Premature Atrial Complex).
Measurement will equal at least two times the R to R interval of the underlying rhythm.

SA node does not respond to the premature beat of the PAC, therefore no change in the rate or regularity of the underlying rhythm.

82
Q

Noncompensatory pause

A

Measure form the R wave of the complex before the PAC to the R wave of the complex after the PAC.
Measurement will be less than two times the R to R interval of the underlying rhythm.

83
Q

What does a noncompensatory pause indicate?

A

The development of increased irritability in the SA node, causing it to generate an impulse sooner than expected in response to the premature beat.

Increased irritability could lead to sinus tachycardia.

84
Q

PAT

A

Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia, also known as PSVT

85
Q

PSVT

A

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

86
Q

SVT

A

Supraventricular Tachycardia

Fits all of the characteristics of a PAT/PSVT but the beginning of the dysrhythmia is not seen.

General term that refers to any dysrhythmia that cannot be identified by other means, originates from an irritable site above the bundle of His and has a rate grater than 150

87
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Occurs when a single irritable site in the atria initiates many electrical impulses at a rapid rate.

Electrical impulses are produced so rapid that normal P waves are not produced, instead F (flutter) waves are formed.

88
Q

Atrial rate of F waves in Atrial flutter

A

Usually ranges from 250-350 impulses per minute.

89
Q

Atrial Fibbrillation

A

Increased irritability of all the cardiac cells in the atria.
Because of this increased atrial irritability, many sites within the atria attempt to initiate electrical impulses at the same time.

Atrial rate is usually 350 to 500.

90
Q

Uncontrolled Atrial Fibrillation has a ventricular rate of….

A

Greater than 150

91
Q

Retrograde

A

Upward electrical conduction from the ventricles

92
Q

Continuous cycle

A

Both upward and downward electrical conduction in a continuous cycle (very dangerous)

93
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) junctional area

A

Portion of the heart’s conduction system that works with AV node to relay the release of electrical stimuli to the ventricles; may function as a secondary pacemaker of the heart

94
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

A section of the atrioventricular junctional area; part of the normal electrical conduction pathway of the heart

95
Q

Buried P wave

A

A P wave that is hidden within the QRS complex and, therefore, not seen

96
Q

Inherent heart rate

A

Normal rate at which electrical impulses are generated; for the AV junctional area it is 40 to 60 impulses per minute

97
Q

Inverted P wave

A

An upside down P wave before or after the QRS complex

98
Q

Junctional dysrhythmia

A

Cardiac dysrhythmia that is initiated in the AV junctional area when the SA node fails to initiate an electrical impulse

99
Q

Retrograde P wave

A

P wave that is seen after the QRS complex; it is also inverted

100
Q

3 characteristics that change in the P waves in AV junctional dysrhythmias

A

Inverted, buried (hidden), and retrograde

101
Q

Junctional bradycardia

A

A dysrhythmia that occurs when all the electrical impulses originate from a single site within the AV junctional area, at a rate less than 40 impulses per minute.

102
Q

Accelerated junctional rhythm

A

When the electrical impulses originate from a single site within the AV junctional area, at a rate between 61-100

103
Q

PJC

A

Premature junctional complex

Common and can occur in any rhythm

Originates from a single site in the AV junctional area and occurs earlier than the next expected complex of the underlying rhythm.

Paramedic (39 decks)

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