Ch. 13 Principles Of Pharmacology Flashcards
Absolute refractory period
The early phase of cardiac depolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period.
Absorption
The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into systemic circulation
Acetylcholinesterase
An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine
Active metabolite
A medication that has undergone bio transformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function
active transport
The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move molecules against a concentration gradient
Adverse effect
Abnormal or harmful effect to an organism caused by exposure to a chemical. It is indicated by some result such as death, a change in food or water consumption, altered body and organ weights, altered enzyme levels, or visible illness.
Affinity
The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site.
Agonist medications
The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response.
Analgesia
The state of being insensible to pain while still conscious
Anaphylaxis
An extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems
A form of shock
Anesthetic
A medication that causes the inability to feel sensation
Antagonist medication
The group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity
Antibiotics
The medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body’s immune system to overcome them.
Anti fun gals
The medications used to treat fungal infections
Antimicrobials
The medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms
Automaticity
A state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within
Bioavailability
The percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation
Bio transformation
A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body.
1- an inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects
2- an active medication can be changed into another active medication.
3- an active medication may be completely or partially inactivated.
4- a medication is transformed into a substance ( active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate
Bronchoconstriction
Narrowing of the bronchial tubes
Bronchodilation
Widening of the bronchial tubes
Chelating agents
Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisoning
Cholinergic
A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that releases a chemical called acetylcholine
Class
The grouping to which a education belongs.
Medications are grouped according to their characteristics, traits, or primary components
Competitive agonists
Medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites, displacing agonist chemicals.
Competitive depolarizing
A term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine
Contraindications
Any condition, especially Any condition of disease, that renders some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable
Cross tolerance
A process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes tolerance that may be “transferred” to other medications in the same class
Cumulative action
Several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single layer dose of that same medication
Cytochrome P-450 system
A hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs.
Dependence
The physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical to maintain “normal” physiologic functions.
Depolarization
The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract
Depressant
A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the central nervous system or sympathetic nervous system.
Digitalis preparation
A drug used in the treatment of heart failure and certain atrial dysrhythmias
Distribution
The movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, ultimately, to its target receptors
Diuretic
A chemical that increases urinary output
Dose-response curve
A graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered
Dosing
The specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals.
Down-regulation
The process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance.
Drug
A substance that has some therapeutic effect (such as reducing inflammation, fighting bacteria, or producing euphoria) when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose
Duration (of action)
In a pharmacological context, the time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action
Dystonic
Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone.
Ectopic foci
Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells.
Efficacy
In a pharmacologic context, the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect.
Elimination
In a pharmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its by products from the body.
Endogenous
Originating from within the organism (body).
Exogenous
Originating outside the organism (body)
Extravasation
Seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel.
Facilitated diffusion
The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended
Fasciculation
Brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (namely, succinylcholine)
Filtration
Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane
First order elimination
The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance.
First pass effect
The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches systemic circulation
Habituation
The unusual tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical
Half life
The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma
Hematocrit
The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.
Hemolysis
The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane.
Hydrophilic
Attached to water molecules.
Idiosyncratic
In a pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient (and usually unexplained)
Inactive metabolite
A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active.
Indication
A circumstance that points to or shows the cause, pathology, treatment, or issue of an attractive of disease; that which points out; that which serves as a guide or warning.
Interference
One medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by or administered to a patient.
Lipophilic
Attracted to fats and lipids
Mechanism of action
The way in which a medication produced the intended response.
Median effective dose (ED50)
The weight-based dose of a medication that was effective in 50% of humans and animals tested.
Median lethal dose (LD50)
The weight based dose of medication that caused death in 50% of the animals tested.
Median toxic dose (TD50)
The weight based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested.
Medication
A substance used to treat an illness or condition
Medication monograph
A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as the indications and uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects.
Medication sensitivity
A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, often with may of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction.
Noncompetitive antagonists
Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonists chemicals.
Nondepolarizing
A term used to descrbe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor
Nonionic
Uncharged
Onset
The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level
Orthostatic hypotension
A fall in blood pressure when changing to a standing position
Osmosis
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
Osmotic
Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration.
Paradoxical
Opposite from expected
Partial agonist
A chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do; lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals present at the cells.
Peak
In a pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug.
Pharmacodynamics
The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body.
Pharmacokinetics
The activity of medications in the body over time, such as absorption, distribution, and elimination.
Pharmacology
The scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.
Pinocytosis
A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents.
Placebo effect
In a pharmacologic context, the positive and negative effects on an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person’s expectations and other factors.
Plasma protein binding
A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering medication distributing in the body.
Potency
The relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response.
Receptor
A specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation.
Relative refractory period
The period in the cell firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to a medication
Stimulant
A medication or chemical that temporarily enhances central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system functioning.
Sympathomimetics
Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
Tachyphylaxis
A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective.
Therapeutic index
The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose; also known as the therapeutic ratio.
Threshold level
In pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins.
Tolerance
A condition that develops following repeated use by a patient of a medication that results in decreased efficacy or potency.
Untoward effect
A clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient; also known as adverse effect
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel
Vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.
Vaughan-Williams classification
A classification scheme based on the mechanism of action rather than on specific medication groups
Volume of distribution
The extent to which a medication will spread within the body.
Water-soluble
A property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water.
Zero-order elimination
A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body.
Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and mold are used for….
To manufacture medication
Schedule of drugs from the FDA
Classifies meds with potential abuse into five categories.
1- high abuse potential (no recognized med purpose): heroin, marijuana, LSD
2- High abuse potential (legitimate med purpose): fentanyl, methylphenidate (Ritalin), cocaine
3- Lower potential for abuse than schedule 2: Vicodin, acetaminophen with codeine (Tylenol with codeine #3), ketamine
4- Lower potential for abuse than schedule 3: Diazepam (valium), lorazepam (Ativan)
5- lower potential for abuse than schedule 4: narcotic cough medicine.
Synthetic
Made completely in a laboratory setting
Semisynthetic
Made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources that have been chemically modified in the laboratory setting)
Benzodiazepine medications have what stem?
Am
Example: midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor medications have what stem?
Pril
Example: enalapril (vasotec), captopril (Capoten), lisinopril (prinivil, zestril)
AHA classification for use of medication for a certain condition
Class 1 Class 2a Class 2b Class 3 Class indeterminate
Class 1
Indicates there is strong evidence supporting the use of the medication for the condition
Class 2a
Indicates moderate evidence
Class 2b
Indicates weak evidence
Class 3
Indicates the evidence does not support that there is a benefit and may support that there is a harmful consequence; the treatment is not helpful and may be harmful
Class indeterminate
Indicates either that research is beginning on a treatment or that research is continuing on a treatment. There are no recommendations until further research is performed
Receptor sites within the body
Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Beta 1 Beta 2 Dopaminergic Nicotinic Muscarinic 2 Opioid
Alpha 1
Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins
Alpha 2
Insulin restriction
Glucagon secretion
Inhibition of norepinephrine release
Beta 1
Increases heart rate (chronotropic effect)
Increases myocardial contractility (inotropic effect)
Increased myocardial conduction (dromotropic effect)
Renin secretion for urinary retention
Beta 2
Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation
Insulin secretion
Uterine relaxation
Arterial dilation in certain key organs
Dopaminergic receptor site
Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries
Nicotinic receptor site
Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing ACh to stimulate muscle contraction
Muscarinic 2
Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity.
Bicarbonate ions are able to bind with excess hydrogen ions doing what?
Raising the pH and decreasing the acidity of various body fluids.
Medications distribute into three primary types of body substances following administration. What are they?
Water, fat, and protein
What meds are generally viewed as ineffective and are not indicated for hypothermic cardiac arrest?
Atropine sulfate and lidocaine
Teratigen
Abnormalities during pregnancy to the baby
Fastest route
IV
Slowest route
Topical
pharmacokinetics section of medication profiles typically refers to the …
Onset
Peak
Duration of effect
