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Paramedic > Ch. 13 Principles Of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Principles Of Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

The early phase of cardiac depolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period.

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2
Q

Absorption

A

The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into systemic circulation

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3
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

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4
Q

Active metabolite

A

A medication that has undergone bio transformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function

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5
Q

active transport

A

The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move molecules against a concentration gradient

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6
Q

Adverse effect

A

Abnormal or harmful effect to an organism caused by exposure to a chemical. It is indicated by some result such as death, a change in food or water consumption, altered body and organ weights, altered enzyme levels, or visible illness.

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7
Q

Affinity

A

The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site.

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8
Q

Agonist medications

A

The group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response.

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9
Q

Analgesia

A

The state of being insensible to pain while still conscious

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10
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

An extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems

A form of shock

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11
Q

Anesthetic

A

A medication that causes the inability to feel sensation

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12
Q

Antagonist medication

A

The group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity

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13
Q

Antibiotics

A

The medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body’s immune system to overcome them.

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14
Q

Anti fun gals

A

The medications used to treat fungal infections

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15
Q

Antimicrobials

A

The medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms

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16
Q

Automaticity

A

A state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within

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17
Q

Bioavailability

A

The percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

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18
Q

Bio transformation

A

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body.
1- an inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects
2- an active medication can be changed into another active medication.
3- an active medication may be completely or partially inactivated.
4- a medication is transformed into a substance ( active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate

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19
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the bronchial tubes

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20
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Widening of the bronchial tubes

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21
Q

Chelating agents

A

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisoning

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22
Q

Cholinergic

A

A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that releases a chemical called acetylcholine

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23
Q

Class

A

The grouping to which a education belongs.

Medications are grouped according to their characteristics, traits, or primary components

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24
Q

Competitive agonists

A

Medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites, displacing agonist chemicals.

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25
Q

Competitive depolarizing

A

A term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine

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26
Q

Contraindications

A

Any condition, especially Any condition of disease, that renders some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable

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27
Q

Cross tolerance

A

A process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes tolerance that may be “transferred” to other medications in the same class

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28
Q

Cumulative action

A

Several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single layer dose of that same medication

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29
Q

Cytochrome P-450 system

A

A hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs.

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30
Q

Dependence

A

The physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical to maintain “normal” physiologic functions.

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31
Q

Depolarization

A

The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract

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32
Q

Depressant

A

A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the central nervous system or sympathetic nervous system.

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33
Q

Digitalis preparation

A

A drug used in the treatment of heart failure and certain atrial dysrhythmias

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34
Q

Distribution

A

The movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, ultimately, to its target receptors

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35
Q

Diuretic

A

A chemical that increases urinary output

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36
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered

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37
Q

Dosing

A

The specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals.

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38
Q

Down-regulation

A

The process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance.

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39
Q

Drug

A

A substance that has some therapeutic effect (such as reducing inflammation, fighting bacteria, or producing euphoria) when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose

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40
Q

Duration (of action)

A

In a pharmacological context, the time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action

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41
Q

Dystonic

A

Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone.

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42
Q

Ectopic foci

A

Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells.

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43
Q

Efficacy

A

In a pharmacologic context, the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect.

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44
Q

Elimination

A

In a pharmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its by products from the body.

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45
Q

Endogenous

A

Originating from within the organism (body).

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46
Q

Exogenous

A

Originating outside the organism (body)

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47
Q

Extravasation

A

Seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel.

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48
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended

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49
Q

Fasciculation

A

Brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (namely, succinylcholine)

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50
Q

Filtration

A

Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane

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51
Q

First order elimination

A

The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance.

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52
Q

First pass effect

A

The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches systemic circulation

53
Q

Habituation

A

The unusual tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical

54
Q

Half life

A

The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma

55
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.

56
Q

Hemolysis

A

The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane.

57
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attached to water molecules.

58
Q

Idiosyncratic

A

In a pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient (and usually unexplained)

59
Q

Inactive metabolite

A

A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active.

60
Q

Indication

A

A circumstance that points to or shows the cause, pathology, treatment, or issue of an attractive of disease; that which points out; that which serves as a guide or warning.

61
Q

Interference

A

One medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by or administered to a patient.

62
Q

Lipophilic

A

Attracted to fats and lipids

63
Q

Mechanism of action

A

The way in which a medication produced the intended response.

64
Q

Median effective dose (ED50)

A

The weight-based dose of a medication that was effective in 50% of humans and animals tested.

65
Q

Median lethal dose (LD50)

A

The weight based dose of medication that caused death in 50% of the animals tested.

66
Q

Median toxic dose (TD50)

A

The weight based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested.

67
Q

Medication

A

A substance used to treat an illness or condition

68
Q

Medication monograph

A

A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as the indications and uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects.

69
Q

Medication sensitivity

A

A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, often with may of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction.

70
Q

Noncompetitive antagonists

A

Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonists chemicals.

71
Q

Nondepolarizing

A

A term used to descrbe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor

72
Q

Nonionic

A

Uncharged

73
Q

Onset

A

The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level

74
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

A fall in blood pressure when changing to a standing position

75
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.

76
Q

Osmotic

A

Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to one of higher concentration.

77
Q

Paradoxical

A

Opposite from expected

78
Q

Partial agonist

A

A chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do; lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals present at the cells.

79
Q

Peak

A

In a pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug.

80
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body.

81
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The activity of medications in the body over time, such as absorption, distribution, and elimination.

82
Q

Pharmacology

A

The scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.

83
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents.

84
Q

Placebo effect

A

In a pharmacologic context, the positive and negative effects on an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person’s expectations and other factors.

85
Q

Plasma protein binding

A

A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering medication distributing in the body.

86
Q

Potency

A

The relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response.

87
Q

Receptor

A

A specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation.

88
Q

Relative refractory period

A

The period in the cell firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse

89
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A

A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to a medication

90
Q

Stimulant

A

A medication or chemical that temporarily enhances central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system functioning.

91
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

92
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective.

93
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose; also known as the therapeutic ratio.

94
Q

Threshold level

A

In pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins.

95
Q

Tolerance

A

A condition that develops following repeated use by a patient of a medication that results in decreased efficacy or potency.

96
Q

Untoward effect

A

A clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient; also known as adverse effect

97
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel

98
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.

99
Q

Vaughan-Williams classification

A

A classification scheme based on the mechanism of action rather than on specific medication groups

100
Q

Volume of distribution

A

The extent to which a medication will spread within the body.

101
Q

Water-soluble

A

A property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water.

102
Q

Zero-order elimination

A

A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body.

103
Q

Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and mold are used for….

A

To manufacture medication

104
Q

Schedule of drugs from the FDA

A

Classifies meds with potential abuse into five categories.

1- high abuse potential (no recognized med purpose): heroin, marijuana, LSD

2- High abuse potential (legitimate med purpose): fentanyl, methylphenidate (Ritalin), cocaine

3- Lower potential for abuse than schedule 2: Vicodin, acetaminophen with codeine (Tylenol with codeine #3), ketamine

4- Lower potential for abuse than schedule 3: Diazepam (valium), lorazepam (Ativan)

5- lower potential for abuse than schedule 4: narcotic cough medicine.

105
Q

Synthetic

A

Made completely in a laboratory setting

106
Q

Semisynthetic

A

Made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources that have been chemically modified in the laboratory setting)

107
Q

Benzodiazepine medications have what stem?

A

Am

Example: midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam

108
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor medications have what stem?

A

Pril

Example: enalapril (vasotec), captopril (Capoten), lisinopril (prinivil, zestril)

109
Q

AHA classification for use of medication for a certain condition

A 
Class 1
Class 2a
Class 2b
Class 3
Class indeterminate
110
Q

Class 1

A

Indicates there is strong evidence supporting the use of the medication for the condition

111
Q

Class 2a

A

Indicates moderate evidence

112
Q

Class 2b

A

Indicates weak evidence

113
Q

Class 3

A

Indicates the evidence does not support that there is a benefit and may support that there is a harmful consequence; the treatment is not helpful and may be harmful

114
Q

Class indeterminate

A

Indicates either that research is beginning on a treatment or that research is continuing on a treatment. There are no recommendations until further research is performed

115
Q

Receptor sites within the body

A 
Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Dopaminergic
Nicotinic
Muscarinic 2
Opioid
116
Q

Alpha 1

A

Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins

117
Q

Alpha 2

A

Insulin restriction
Glucagon secretion
Inhibition of norepinephrine release

118
Q

Beta 1

A

Increases heart rate (chronotropic effect)
Increases myocardial contractility (inotropic effect)
Increased myocardial conduction (dromotropic effect)
Renin secretion for urinary retention

119
Q

Beta 2

A

Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation
Insulin secretion
Uterine relaxation
Arterial dilation in certain key organs

120
Q

Dopaminergic receptor site

A

Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries

121
Q

Nicotinic receptor site

A

Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing ACh to stimulate muscle contraction

122
Q

Muscarinic 2

A

Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity.

123
Q

Bicarbonate ions are able to bind with excess hydrogen ions doing what?

A

Raising the pH and decreasing the acidity of various body fluids.

124
Q

Medications distribute into three primary types of body substances following administration. What are they?

A

Water, fat, and protein

125
Q

What meds are generally viewed as ineffective and are not indicated for hypothermic cardiac arrest?

A

Atropine sulfate and lidocaine

126
Q

Teratigen

A

Abnormalities during pregnancy to the baby

127
Q

Fastest route

A

IV

128
Q

Slowest route

A

Topical

129
Q

pharmacokinetics section of medication profiles typically refers to the …

A

Onset
Peak
Duration of effect

Paramedic (39 decks)

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