Pain Sensory

Question 1

Nociceptors are

Answer 1

Pain receptors, that have free nerve endings , respond to damage tissues, and are located on the surface of organ or skin or in the skin

Question 2

Pain can be induced by

Answer 2

Chemo, thermal, and mechanical receptors

Question 3

Fast pain

Answer 3

Aka sharp pain,pricking pain, acute pain , electric pain, has a short interval,and can be induced by thermal and mechano receptors

Question 4

Slow pain

Answer 4

Aka slow burning, aching,throbbing, nauseous and chronic pain. It becomes less painful due to adaptation, induced by chemo, thermal , mechano receptors

Question 5

Molecules that can induce pain due to the activation of the chemo receptors

Answer 5

Bradykinin , serotonin , histamine , Na levels, hydroids, ACTH , and proteolytic enzyme

Question 6

Pain modulators

Answer 6

Can affect the intensity of the pain, chemical such as substance p and prostaglandins are modulators they enhance the the sensitivity of the pain but do not directly exite them

Question 7

Some pain receptors are hyperalgeisa

Answer 7

Meaning increase sensitivity of pain

Question 8

Ischemia

Answer 8

Sudden decline of blood flow to a certain organ, when blood flow to a tissue is blocked the tissue often become very painful due to anaerobic metabolic waste build up

Question 9

Muscle spasms

Answer 9

It is involuntary contraction of the muscles, as the muscle contract involuntarily it squeezes the blood vessels and cause a resistance in blood flow, as resistance increase, metabolic waste will build up leading to an ischemic effect. Thus leading to pain due metabolic waste build up

Question 10

Neospinothalamic tract

Answer 10

One of the pathways of pain which is used by fast pain receptors, the signal goes up the dorsal roots of the spinal cord synapses with the interneurons . The interneurons then synapses with the secondary sensor neurons.

Question 11

Paleospinothalamic tract

Answer 11

Used by slow pain. It enter through the dorsal root

Question 12

Acute (pathological pain)

Answer 12

Brief period of pain

Question 13

Chronic pain( neuropathic pain)

Answer 13

Acute pain that lingers for years even after the tissue have been healed, the problem arise in the dorsal root, and it is associated with glial cels ( astrocytes and microglia)

Question 14

Neurotransmitter that help to suppress pain are

Answer 14

Serotonin and natural opiates

Question 15

Natural opiates

Answer 15

Binds to receptors and block off pain, there are 3 natural opiates that are peptide. They have 3 different precursor protein theatre cleaved to give rise to eukephalin , endorphin, dynorphins

Question 16

Artificial suppression of pain

Answer 16

Is done by some drug as prostoglandins, glucosamine, and prostacyclin are used to block pain and NAIDs

Question 17

NSAIDs

Answer 17

Mimics steroids drugs, blocks the formation of steroids, blocks the cox pathway therefore preventing the synthesis of 3 chemicals that cause pain

Question 18

Cox pathway( cyclooxygenase)

Answer 18

Converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, prostacyclin a, thromboxin which are pain inducers

Question 19

Lipooxygenase pathway

Answer 19

Converts arachidonic acid into eucotrienes which also induce pain

Question 20

Sensitized molecules

Answer 20

Released by the glial cells due to the summation effect, can be growth factors or cytokines. It increases the responsiveness of post synaptic secondary neurons and recuit additional glial cells to release sensitizers, thus it heightens sensitivity and prolongs it therefore causing chronic pain

Question 21

Neurotransmitters released by the pre synaptic neuron that can affect the glial cells that can eventually cause chronic pain are

Answer 21

ATP , nitric oxide, and glutamine

Question 22

Endocannabonoids fatty acids

Answer 22

Two types produced in the brain that induce two different endocannabonoids receptor Cb1 and cb2

Question 23

Cb1

Answer 23

Found in neuron and it deals with psychological effects

Question 24

Cb2

Answer 24

Found in glial cells and it deal with pain suppression, the active ingredient in marijuana can inhibit cb2 receptors which stops chronic pain ( analgesic effect)

Question 25

An analgesic

Answer 25

Any member of the group of drugs used to relieve pain

Question 26

Treating chronic pain

Answer 26

Is done by prescribing drugs that block the release of sensitizers and blocking the cb2 receptors

Question 27

Referred pain

Answer 27

Damage to tissue in one area cause pain in another area. There are two possiblities, the pathway of the damage tissue and where the pain is are localized in the same position, it can also be cause by cancer that connects the two pathways

Question 28

Referred pain headaches

Answer 28

Pain is usually referred to the sculp and originated in the cranial vault or sinuses. The pain can also be caused by blood vessel constricting in the cranial vault or sinuses therefore the referred pai. Is caused by an ischemic effect .

Question 29

Migraines

Answer 29

Caused by cortical spreading depression, usually occurs at the occipital lobe of the sensory cortex which is why people who sufferer from migraines usually see flashing lights. This is also the pain acting center.

Question 30

Thermal sensation

Answer 30

We have two types of receptors that detect moderate cold and warmth and two pain receptor that detects extreme cold and hot temperature.. Have gradation effects