lecture 11

Question 0

the JG apparatus are made of 2 cells

Answer 0

macula densa and jxutagolmerula

Question 1

Renal pressure system occurs

Answer 1

in the JG apparatus of the kidney

Question 2

the two cell of the jg apparatus will fire

Answer 2

when the Na levels drop in the blood and release renin into the blood

Question 3

renin cleaves an inactive protein called

Answer 3

angiotensin(a 2 globulin) to the active form angiotensin I

Question 4

Enzyme ACE in the lungs will change

Answer 4

the angiotensin into angiotensin II in the capilary walls of the lungs

Question 5

angiotensin II will go to the adrenal gland (zona glumerarosa ) causing

Answer 5

the release of aldosterone

Question 6

aldosterone goes back to the kindney causing

Answer 6

the absorption of Na and excretion of K in the tubule cells

Question 7

aldosterone is a form of

Answer 7

minerlocorticoid

Question 8

aldosterone play a role in intestinal cells by

Answer 8

causing the enterocytes of the intestine to absorb Na and excrete K

Question 9

aldosterone play a role in salivary gland

Answer 9

as saliva are being produced as it descends through the ducts , Na is absorbed and k is excreted

Question 10

the primary effect of aldosterone is

Answer 10

a genomic effect where it diffuse through the membrane andbind to the cytoplasmic protein. it then goes to the nucleus to activate some sort of transcription factor

Question 11

aldosterone produce two group of protein

Answer 11

1. enzyme

2. transport protein— the Na/K pump and Na channels to allow Na into the cell

Question 12

aldosterone is release due to

Answer 12

decline in Na in the ECF
elevation of K in the ECf
angiotensin is direct activator of aldosterone
ACTH affects the release of aldosterone

Question 13

Glucocorticoid is

Answer 13

a stress hormone, a type of cortisol that affect carbohydrates, protein , lipids and fatty acid

Question 14

glucocorticoid effects on protein

Answer 14

decrease protein synthesis in all cells in the body except the liver
promotes protein synthesis in the liver cells( mainly blood protein to relieve osmotic pressure

Question 15

glucocorticoid effect on fatty acid and lipids

Answer 15

promotes the break down of fatty acid making then available for cellular respiration.
uses fatty acid as primary source of energy even though glucose is being synthesize more.

Question 16

glucocorticoid effect on carbohydrate

Answer 16

primary site of action liver, promote gluconeogenesis , activate genes that promote gluconeogenesis , effect the muscle of other cells leading to the mobilization of amino acid ( brings amino acid to the liver. promotes glycogenesis

Question 17

the buffalo effect

Answer 17

when under stress people gain weight on the face and chest this is because there is a distribution of the receptor in these cells

Question 18

cortisol effects on stress is

Answer 18

particularly an anti inflammatory effect

Question 19

types of stress

Answer 19

physical stress( damage to  body)
various infection
intense heat and cold
surgical procedures 
debilitating disease

Question 20

stress axis is mediated through the

Answer 20

hypothalamus and the adreno pituitary gland

Question 21

4 stages of inflammatory response

Answer 21

redness
swelling
pain
heat

Question 22

damage to tissue release chemical such as

Answer 22

prostaglandins, prostacyclins, glucotriene, thromboxi, interleukin, histamine, and proteolytic enzyme

Question 23

chemical release due to damage to tissue usually lead to

Answer 23

the dilation of blood vessels(erthena)

Question 24

capillaries of damage tissue become

Answer 24

more permeable allowing more protein that do not diffuse through the blood vessel to do so. this leads to swelling of the damage tissue because the osmotic pressure has been disrupted. leukocytes will migrate to the damage area and exit capillary

Question 25

cortisol can reduce inflammatory response by

Answer 25

stabilizing the membrane of the lysosome ( will not release proteolytic enzyme) making the cappiliaries less permeable , block white blood cell exit , suppress T and B cells, reduce interleukin I

Question 26

interleukin I is

Answer 26

the main signaling molecule that affects the thermostat of the body located in the hypothalamus. it will increase the temperature of the body

Question 27

regulation of cortisol

Answer 27

there is a long negative loop where cortisol affects the hypothalamus directly or short loop where it affects the anterior pituitary

Question 28

CRH ( cortisol releasing hormone)

Answer 28

has a genomic effect on the pituitary , the activated gene causes the synthesis of POMC

Question 29

POMC

Answer 29

prehormone, will be cleaves by enzyme prohormone convertase I into 4 different hormone….. ACTH, a MSH, endorphin , B-lipotopin, ACTH activates a second messenger (cAMP) in the adrenal cells

Question 30

hypoadrenalism

Answer 30

under secretion of adrenal hormones

ex addisin disease

Question 31

hyperadrenalism

Answer 31

over secretion of adrenal hormones ex cushing syndrome and adrenal genital syndrome

Question 32

addisin’s disease

Answer 32

can be cause by trauma, tumor around cells, autoimmune destruction of cells. can cause pigmentation problem particularly on the lips. the abnormal levels of ACTH is the cause of excessive pigmentation, can cause a drop in mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 33

cushing syndrome

Answer 33

caused by hyper secretion of cortisol and occasionally aldosterone, which will cause too much Na and water to be maintained and too much ka is excreted leading to blood volume going up

Question 34

adrenal genital syndrom

Answer 34

over active zona reticularis, over production of androgen can affect both sex resulting in early development

Question 35

Adrenal medulla

Answer 35

the center zone of the adrenal gland , there are modified post sympathetic neuron that have lost their fibers, but still maintain the function of sympathetic nervous system

Question 36

the adrenal medulla produces

Answer 36

nor- epinephrine and epinephrine but have tyrosine precursor, they stored in vesicle linked to chromogranin

Question 37

chromogranin are

Answer 37

are acidic protein that bind to N.E and E to keep them inactive

Question 38

N methyl transferase

Answer 38

converts E to N.E b than place back into vesicle because one E is produced in the cells , the enzyme is located the cytoplasm and conversion is the cytoplasm

Question 39

NE and Epinephrine are

Answer 39

fight flight and fright hormones
anything that activate the sympathetic NS can activate them
cause increase heart rate , contractility , dilation of air way,promote glucogenolysis in the live, promote break down of glucose , promote break down of fat and are escape hormone

Question 40

insulin and glucogon are produce in

Answer 40

the pancreas

Question 41

exocrine pancreas produce

Answer 41

enzyme for digestion( pancreatic enzymes)

Question 42

endocrine pancrease

Answer 42

islet of langerhann , collection of cell type( beta, alpha, and delta) the cells types are well vascular, fenestrated capillaries to aid release of hormone

Question 43

alpha cells of the islet of langerhann is responsible for producing

Answer 43

glucogon and it make up 10 % of the islet

Question 44

beta cells of the islet of the langerhann produces

Answer 44

insulin and make up 60% the islet

Question 45

excluding insulin and glucogon the pancreas also produces

Answer 45

amalin
pancreatic polypeptide
somatostain

Question 46

the delat cells of the islet of langerhann make

Answer 46

10% of the islet