lecture 11 Flashcards
the JG apparatus are made of 2 cells
macula densa and jxutagolmerula
Renal pressure system occurs
in the JG apparatus of the kidney
the two cell of the jg apparatus will fire
when the Na levels drop in the blood and release renin into the blood
renin cleaves an inactive protein called
angiotensin(a 2 globulin) to the active form angiotensin I
Enzyme ACE in the lungs will change
the angiotensin into angiotensin II in the capilary walls of the lungs
angiotensin II will go to the adrenal gland (zona glumerarosa ) causing
the release of aldosterone
aldosterone goes back to the kindney causing
the absorption of Na and excretion of K in the tubule cells
aldosterone is a form of
minerlocorticoid
aldosterone play a role in intestinal cells by
causing the enterocytes of the intestine to absorb Na and excrete K
aldosterone play a role in salivary gland
as saliva are being produced as it descends through the ducts , Na is absorbed and k is excreted
the primary effect of aldosterone is
a genomic effect where it diffuse through the membrane andbind to the cytoplasmic protein. it then goes to the nucleus to activate some sort of transcription factor
aldosterone produce two group of protein
- enzyme
2. transport protein— the Na/K pump and Na channels to allow Na into the cell
aldosterone is release due to
decline in Na in the ECF
elevation of K in the ECf
angiotensin is direct activator of aldosterone
ACTH affects the release of aldosterone
Glucocorticoid is
a stress hormone, a type of cortisol that affect carbohydrates, protein , lipids and fatty acid
glucocorticoid effects on protein
decrease protein synthesis in all cells in the body except the liver
promotes protein synthesis in the liver cells( mainly blood protein to relieve osmotic pressure
glucocorticoid effect on fatty acid and lipids
promotes the break down of fatty acid making then available for cellular respiration.
uses fatty acid as primary source of energy even though glucose is being synthesize more.
glucocorticoid effect on carbohydrate
primary site of action liver, promote gluconeogenesis , activate genes that promote gluconeogenesis , effect the muscle of other cells leading to the mobilization of amino acid ( brings amino acid to the liver. promotes glycogenesis
the buffalo effect
when under stress people gain weight on the face and chest this is because there is a distribution of the receptor in these cells
cortisol effects on stress is
particularly an anti inflammatory effect
types of stress
physical stress( damage to body) various infection intense heat and cold surgical procedures debilitating disease
stress axis is mediated through the
hypothalamus and the adreno pituitary gland
4 stages of inflammatory response
redness
swelling
pain
heat
damage to tissue release chemical such as
prostaglandins, prostacyclins, glucotriene, thromboxi, interleukin, histamine, and proteolytic enzyme
chemical release due to damage to tissue usually lead to
the dilation of blood vessels(erthena)
capillaries of damage tissue become
more permeable allowing more protein that do not diffuse through the blood vessel to do so. this leads to swelling of the damage tissue because the osmotic pressure has been disrupted. leukocytes will migrate to the damage area and exit capillary
cortisol can reduce inflammatory response by
stabilizing the membrane of the lysosome ( will not release proteolytic enzyme) making the cappiliaries less permeable , block white blood cell exit , suppress T and B cells, reduce interleukin I
interleukin I is
the main signaling molecule that affects the thermostat of the body located in the hypothalamus. it will increase the temperature of the body
regulation of cortisol
there is a long negative loop where cortisol affects the hypothalamus directly or short loop where it affects the anterior pituitary
CRH ( cortisol releasing hormone)
has a genomic effect on the pituitary , the activated gene causes the synthesis of POMC
POMC
prehormone, will be cleaves by enzyme prohormone convertase I into 4 different hormone….. ACTH, a MSH, endorphin , B-lipotopin, ACTH activates a second messenger (cAMP) in the adrenal cells
hypoadrenalism
under secretion of adrenal hormones
ex addisin disease
hyperadrenalism
over secretion of adrenal hormones ex cushing syndrome and adrenal genital syndrome
addisin’s disease
can be cause by trauma, tumor around cells, autoimmune destruction of cells. can cause pigmentation problem particularly on the lips. the abnormal levels of ACTH is the cause of excessive pigmentation, can cause a drop in mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
cushing syndrome
caused by hyper secretion of cortisol and occasionally aldosterone, which will cause too much Na and water to be maintained and too much ka is excreted leading to blood volume going up
adrenal genital syndrom
over active zona reticularis, over production of androgen can affect both sex resulting in early development
Adrenal medulla
the center zone of the adrenal gland , there are modified post sympathetic neuron that have lost their fibers, but still maintain the function of sympathetic nervous system
the adrenal medulla produces
nor- epinephrine and epinephrine but have tyrosine precursor, they stored in vesicle linked to chromogranin
chromogranin are
are acidic protein that bind to N.E and E to keep them inactive
N methyl transferase
converts E to N.E b than place back into vesicle because one E is produced in the cells , the enzyme is located the cytoplasm and conversion is the cytoplasm
NE and Epinephrine are
fight flight and fright hormones
anything that activate the sympathetic NS can activate them
cause increase heart rate , contractility , dilation of air way,promote glucogenolysis in the live, promote break down of glucose , promote break down of fat and are escape hormone
insulin and glucogon are produce in
the pancreas
exocrine pancreas produce
enzyme for digestion( pancreatic enzymes)
endocrine pancrease
islet of langerhann , collection of cell type( beta, alpha, and delta) the cells types are well vascular, fenestrated capillaries to aid release of hormone
alpha cells of the islet of langerhann is responsible for producing
glucogon and it make up 10 % of the islet
beta cells of the islet of the langerhann produces
insulin and make up 60% the islet
excluding insulin and glucogon the pancreas also produces
amalin
pancreatic polypeptide
somatostain
the delat cells of the islet of langerhann make
10% of the islet
