Liver

Question 0

What is hermacatheresis

Answer 0

the rupture of red blood cell releasing hemoglobin then divided in into heme and globulin, heme opens up releasing free irons that is transported in the blood by transferrin… then making several intermediates before been excreted

Question 1

Function of the liver includes

Answer 1

Filtration and and storage of blood
Metabolism of Nutrients
Formation of bile 
Storage of Iron and Vitamins 
Synthesis of specific Protein

Question 2

Biliverdin

Answer 2

the first product of hemacatheresis, it is a straight chain unstable molecules then it is converted to bilirubin

Question 3

Bilirubin

Answer 3

it is the major end product of hemcathresis,there are two types

a) free or unconjugated
b) conjugated

Question 4

Free or unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 4

this is the from that is released into the plasma and transported to the liver to be conjugated

Question 5

unfree bilirubin

Answer 5

this form is bilirubin and albumin and is then transported through the blood

Question 6

Bilirubin glucuronide ( conjugated )

Answer 6

In this form it excreted by active transport into the bile canciliculi and then into the intestine

Question 7

the hepatic cell contain large amount of …….. capable of combining reversibility with ion that also act as a blood iron buffer

Answer 7

apoferritin

Question 8

Urobilinogen

Answer 8

once the conjugated bilirubin is in the intestine, bacterial converts it to Urobilinogen, this highly soluble, it is reabsorb through the intestine mucosa to the blood.

Question 9

Stercoblin

Answer 9

In feces urobliniogen is oxidized to form steroblin, this also impact the color of the feces

Question 10

Urobilin

Answer 10

when excreted by the urine through the kidneys urobilinogen get oxidized to urobilin

Question 11

HGF

Answer 11

this is important for the growth and regeneration of the hepatocytes, produced by the mesenchymeal cell in the liver and other tissue and not by the hepatocytes.

Question 12

Epidermal growth factor , cytokine ( TNF) tumor necrosis factor, and interleukine-6 are involved in

Answer 12

the growth and regeneration of the liver

Question 13

Role of TGF transforming growth factor

Answer 13

these is secreted by the hepatocyte, which inhibits liver cell proliferation and terminates liver regeneration

Question 14

The anatomy of the liver

Answer 14

Loubule, Central veins, Hepatic triad, Sinusoids, canaliculi, space of disse, kuppfer cells.

Question 15

the functional unit of the liver

Answer 15

lobule, each lobule has a centra vein

Question 16

central vein

Answer 16

this empties into the hepatic vein then into the vena cava

Question 17

The Hepatic triad

Answer 17

branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Question 18

sinusoids

Answer 18

lies between the hepatic plates and then into the central vein, thus the hepatic cells are always exposed continuously to portal venous blood. these are the capillaries of the liver

Question 19

Canaliculi

Answer 19

bile canaliculi empties into the bile duct, it is where the bile is deposited and it flow counter to blood flow

Question 20

Space of disse

Answer 20

space between the endothelial cells and hepatic cells. it is connected with the lymphatic vessels in the interlobular septa. it is used to remove excess fluid through the lymphatics. also space between the canaliculi

Question 21

Kuppfer cells

Answer 21

macrophages that line the sinusoids and are capable of phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign matter in the hepatic sinus blood.

Question 22

the blood receives two types of blood

Answer 22

venous blood and arterial blood and here the blood are mixed together the, there is more venous blood than arterial blood

Question 23

what vitamins does the liver store

Answer 23

vitamin A is stored in large amount, but vitamin D and B12 are also stored in the liver.

Question 24

liver function in protein metabolism

Answer 24

1 deamination of amino acid
2 formation of urea for the removal of ammonia from the body
3 formation of plasma protein
4 interconversion of various amino acid and sythesis of other compound from amino acids

Question 25

the greatest proportion of iron is stored

Answer 25

in the liver as ferritin

Question 26

the storage of ferritin occurs in the hepatic cell

Answer 26

by the combination of apoferritin and ferritin when there is high level of iron in the blood

Question 27

urobilinogen is reabsorbed by

Answer 27

the intestinal mucosa back into the blood

Question 28

function of the liver in response to carbonhydrate

Answer 28

1 store large amount of glycogen

2. conversion of galactose and fructose to glucose
3. glyconeogeneis
4. formation of many chemical compound from intermediates products of carbohydrates metabolism.

Question 30

thrombopoietin

Answer 30

an hormone important in the platelets formation in RBC production by the bone marrow