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Adv Physio > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Largest endocrine gland, has two lobes, located anterior on the neck underneath the larynx of the voice box, and produce 2 hormone

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2
Q

The two lobes of the thyroid gland is connected by a narrow tissue called

A

Isthmus

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3
Q

The two hormone made by the endocrine gland

A

T3 triiodothyronine and T4 tetraiodothyronine(thyroxin)

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4
Q

Between T3 and T4 which is produced more

A

93% of the hormones made are T4 but later converted to T3

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5
Q

The thyroid gland controls

A

BMR basal metabolic rate

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6
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

TSH is produce in the pituitary gland and controls thyroid directly.

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7
Q

TSH is produced

A

In the adenohypophyseal of the pituitary gland

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8
Q

Para follicular cells

A

Release thyrocalcitonin that lowers ca level in the blood

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9
Q

Follicular cells

A

Synthesizes an inactive hormone that is a glycoproteins (thyroglobulin) with mainly tyrosine residue

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10
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

A precursor to the iodinated T3 and T4 protein

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11
Q

Parathyroid glands are also found in the

A

Thyroid glands with two in each lobe making 4 parathyroid

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12
Q

The hormone produced by the parathyroid glands and it function

A

PTH to control ca levels

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13
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Caused by not enough iodine, it is acquired through diet, only 1/5 of the iodine is absorbed and the rest is excreted through the kidneys

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14
Q

TSH is the driving force of

A

Iodide trapping of the thyroid follicular cells

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15
Q

During iodide trapping the cell

A

Becomes 30 times more concentrated with I- in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Before organification can occur

A

Thyroglobulin protein are synthesize they brought to lumen side of cell by exocytosis

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17
Q

Organification is the

A

Adding of iodine to thyroglobulin at the apex of the cell

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18
Q

After organification

A

The compound is taken up by the cell by endocytosis and goes into the lysosomes of the cell to be cleaved furthermore changing them to an active T3 or T4 hormone

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19
Q

T3 and T4 can diffuse through the membrane into the bloodstream because they are

A

Fat soluble

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20
Q

After diffusing through the membrane T3 and T4

A

They bind to the protein thyroxine

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21
Q

Thyroxine -binding protein

A

A protein that binds to T3 and T4 in the bloodstream to inactivate them. This protein is synthesize in the liver

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22
Q

NIS (sodium iodide symportor)..

A

A carrier protein that utilizes secondary active transport to move Na+ and 1I- into the cell

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23
Q

Pendrin

A

A counter proter that moves one cl into the cell and one I - out of the cell at the lumen side of the thyroid follicle cell

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24
Q

Iodanase

A

An enzyme that attaches iodide to the residues of thyroglobulin proteins will eventually become either T3 and T4. It changes T4 to T3

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25
Q

Organification

A

Attachment of iodide to the thyroglobulin protein

26
Q

Retinoids

A

T3 goes into the nucleus and it binds to retnoid x

27
Q

Retnoid x

A

A heterdimer protein that is transcription factor. It make the cell produce more proteins. Retnoid x has a specific Binding site on the DNA

28
Q

Response element ( thyroid hormone response element )

A

Retnoid x has specific binding site on the DNA

29
Q

What vitamins also binds to retnoid x

A

Vitamin D

30
Q

Non genomic effects of T3

A

Increase basal metabolic rate which keeps you alert , causes an increase in cellular respiration, increase protein synthesis and catabolism, increase the number of mitochondria , increase carbohydrate metabolism, it can have an have an opposite effect if the person is deficient in iodine , therefore making them lethargic depressed, low heart rate, and no ambition to do anything

31
Q

Other effects of T3

A

Promote rise of insulin, promote gluconeogenesis, promote fat metabolism, promote cardiovascular system, respiratory rate change, Co2 concentration goes up

32
Q

TSH receptors are located

A

On the surface of the thyroid follicular cells

33
Q

Binding of the TSH to the receptor causes

A

An elevation of cAMp which is a secondary messenger

34
Q

Rise in cAmp in the thyroid cells affects

A

NIS, iodination process, endocytosis of thyroglobulin, breakdown of thyroglobulin, and the size of the thyroid cells.

35
Q

TSH is synthesis when

A

Thryroid releasing hormone( TRH) is deposited into the pituitary gland by the hypothalamus

36
Q

The elevation of ca occurs when

A

TRH receptor activates a G protein which would then activate an enzyme phospholipase that breaks down IP3 which causes an influx of ca

37
Q

Short loop feedback involves

A

The pituitary gland reacting to the excessive or deficient thyroid hormone

38
Q

Long loop involves

A

The hypothalamus reacting to the excessive or deficient thyroid hormone

39
Q

The primary feedback of the thyroid gland is

A

The short loop

40
Q

Rumors on the thyroid gland cause

A

More production of T3 and T4

41
Q

Grave disease

A

Autoimmune disease that produces TSI thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. it attaches to TSH receptor and acts as an agonist to TSH

42
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Caused by high levels of thyroid hormones, symptoms include weight loss high metabolism rate, insomnia hand tremors, muscle weakness increase blood pressure, high heart rate and hyperactive.

43
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Caused by low levels of the thyroid hormones. Symptoms are opposite of hyperthyroidism linked to hashimoto disease

44
Q

Hashimoto diseas

A

Autoimmune disease that causes hypothyroidism, the antibody starts attacking the thyroid follicle cells. Treatment involves a drug called synthroid

45
Q

Synthroid is

A

A drug that mimics the T4 and T3. This is a replacement therapy for goiter

46
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of thyroid due to deficieny of thyroid hormone

47
Q

Adrenal glands is located

A

On the kidney

48
Q

The nervous system of the adrenal glands

A

Is a modified sympathetic nervous system where the neurons have lost their their fiber

49
Q

The neuron fiber of adrenal glands release nor epinephrine or epinephrine at …………..and acetylcholine at ………….

A

Post synaptic and pre synaptic cleft

50
Q

Adrenal glands are stimulated by

A

ACTH

51
Q

Adrenal glands produce

A

Adrenocoticoid hormones which are glucocorticoid, cortisol, mineralo corticoid, aldosteron, androgen

52
Q

The adrenal gland has two layers

A

Medulla and the cortex

53
Q

The layer of the cortex are

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, and zona reticularis

54
Q

Glucocorticoid is responsible for

A

Regulation of metabolism of glucose(increase glucose in the blood) are part of the feed back mechanism in the immune system that turn immune activity(inflammation) down use to treat over active immune system.

55
Q

Cortisol

A

It is released in response to stress and low level of the blood, it primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, supress the immune system, aid in fat,protein and carbohydrate metabolism, it also decrease bone formation

56
Q

Mineralo corticoid

A

Deals with the balance, particularly Na and k

57
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increase the reabsorption of sodium ions and water and the release of potassium in the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule of the kidney functional unit nephrons . This increase blood volume therefore increasing blood pressure

58
Q

Adrogen

A

Aka adrogenic hormone or testoid, it is the term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually steroid hormone. That stimulates or controls the develop and maintenance of male characteristic by binding to the adrogenic receptors

59
Q

Zona glomerulosa produces

A

Aldosterone, it is very responsive to angiotensin 2, second largest layer

60
Q

Zona fasciulata produces

A

Cortisol, corticosterone, glucocorticoid, the largest gland, produces small amount of androgen and it is affected by adrenocortical tropic hormone(ACTH)

61
Q

Zona reticularis produces

A

Androge, dehydro epiangie steroid DHEA, small amounts of glucocorticoid and estrogen

62
Q

Cortisol and corticosterone are what type of hormone

A

Stress hormones

Adv Physio (21 decks)

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