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Adv Physio > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

In the polyphospho inositide system G protein exchanges

A

GDP for GTP and activates phospholipase C

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2
Q

Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into three molecules

A

Arachidonic acid, IP3, and Diaclyglcerol

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3
Q

IP3 gets broken down to

A

IP4

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4
Q

IP3 and IP4 promotes the release of

A

Calcium in different ways

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5
Q

In the PPI system ca in the cell favors the activation of

A

Guanylyl Cyclase, which convert GTP to cGMP

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6
Q

In the ppI system cGMP activates

A

Kinase G

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7
Q

Kinase G will activate

A

Some transcription factor which will lead to change in generic levels

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8
Q

IP3 goes to the —– and promote the release of —–

A

SER calicstome ….ca

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9
Q

IP4 opens……channels in the cell membrane

A

Ca

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10
Q

DAG activates

A

Protein kinase C by directing the protein to the cell’s membrane by trafficking protein. It is only activated when it is on the cells membrane

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11
Q

leptin receptor

A

it is pleiothropic, it can either activate other enzyme or it can activate or phosphorylate transcription factor directly. it also affect diet, BMI, and appetite control… it is produce by adipocytes

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12
Q

leptin receptor are directly linked to

A

the jak2 which autophosphorylate or trans phosphorylate when leptin is bind to the leptin receptor. then the JaK2 phosphorylate other protein.

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13
Q

receptor/ enzyme are in the ……. when it is not attached to it ligan

A

inactivated form

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14
Q

second messenger have 3 origins which are

A

it can be synthesized within the cell (cAMP or cGMP)
it can released within the cell by organelle(Ca from SER)
it can be imported from its external
environment ( ca though the ca channel)

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15
Q

second messengers

A

a sudden increase of a molecule in the cytoplasm after a substrate had bind to its receptor on the cell membrane or with in the cyctoplasm

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16
Q

divergent signaling pathway

A

one substrate that can affect two different receptor that hass different signaling cascades leading to two different responses

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17
Q

example divergent signaling pathway

A

salivary gland, the hormone can either bind to the beta or alpha cells of the gland. if it binds to alpha cells there will be a rise of ca in the cytoplasm which leads to secretion of fluid. if it binds to the beta cells there will be increase of the cAMp which cause release of more amylase

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18
Q

Convergent signaling pathway

A

one substate that can affect two different receptors signaling cascades leading to the same response.

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19
Q

example of convergent signaling pathway

A

Liver cells…. substrate can bind to different receptor, one which cause a rise in ca level in the cytoplasm and the other causes a rise cAMP in the the cytoplasm, which will lead to glycogenlysis

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20
Q

Neuro endocrine System

A

composed of specialized neuron that secrets Neuro hormone aka neuro-seretion. there are no synaptic connection between the neuron. the secretion goes into the blood stream in vesicles

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21
Q

neuro-secretion goes into the blood vessel mainly

A

capillaries and acts like a hormone

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22
Q

Neurohemal organ

A

is a collection of secretory neuron and its blood vessel, ADH, pituitary Gland (hypoPhysis ) and Hypothalamus found in the floor of the third ventricle

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23
Q

infundibulum

A

the stem that connects the pituitary gland to hypothalamus

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24
Q

the hypothalamus is located at

A

the base of the brain

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25
Q

infundibulum is formed by

A

the neural portion of the hypothalamus grows downward during development. some of these neuron will become the posterior lobe( neurohypophyseal) of the pituitary gland

26
Q

the Rathke ‘s Pouch form

A

anterior lobe ( adenohypophyseal) . the rathke’s pouch is formed by the epithelial cells found on the found of the root the mouth durning development

27
Q

the pituitary gland has

A

two region …. posterior lobe (neurohypophyseal) and anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a par intermedia

28
Q

posterior lobe

A

is the neural portion of the pituitary gland. it is further divided to several part

29
Q

pars nervosa

A

the base of the neurohypophyseal

30
Q

Anterior lobe( Adenohypophysis)

A

aka pars distalis is the epithelial portion of the pituitary gland that is derived from the epithelial cells found on the roof of the mouth

31
Q

pars intermedia

A

is also made of epithelial cells that secrets MSH( melanocytes stimulating hormone)

32
Q

melanocytes stimulating hormone

A

is involved with pigmentation

33
Q

the hypothalamus is made of

A

several aggregation of nuclei… nucleus are only i the brain. they are collection of nerve cell body in the central nervous system

34
Q

SON supra optic nucleus

A

this is found in the hypothalamus, that is a secretory neuron that releases ADH. the neural secretion will then diffuses to the capillary found to the ends of the secretory neuron’s axon

35
Q

Para ventricular nucleus (PVN)

A

a nuclei found in the hypothalamus that secrets oxytocin

36
Q

Releasing Factors

A

are released by special neurons found in the hypothalamus that regulate neural secretion.

37
Q

Median eminence

A

collection of capillaries found in the hypothalamus that picks up releasing factors release by the special neuron found around the nuclei.

38
Q

hpothalamo-hypophyseal portal vein .

A

where the capillary give rise to a vein that brings the releasing factor from the median eminence down to a collection of capillaries found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

39
Q

A portal system

A

means when there are capillaries that bring the blood to a vein then back to capillaries

40
Q

acidophils

A

cells that picks up acidic dye

41
Q

basophils

A

cells that picks up basic dye

42
Q

chromophobes

A

does not have acidic or basic dye

43
Q

there are five cells identified in the adenohypophysis

A

somato trophs, cortico trophs, thyroid trophs, Gonado trophs , lactotrophs.

44
Q

Somato Trophs

A

produce growth hormone called somatotrophin, and human growth hormone. it affects body growth, stimulates the secretion of somato medins and IGF( insulin-like growth factor 1), plays a role in glycolysis and break down of fats from tissue , and inhibits insulin.

45
Q

Cortico Trophs

A

release ADTCH or adrenal tropin, it release glucocorticoids, the adrenal glands are mostly affected by these hormones, it stimulates glucocorticoids that maintain the adrenal corticoid

46
Q

thyroid Trophs

A

produces a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). its function is to affect the thyroid to release T3 and T4

47
Q

Gonado Trophs

A

produces a glycoprotein, FSH, LH also called gonado tropins . affects the physiology of gonads of bothe sexs, the reproductive tract, child birth, and development.

48
Q

lacto trophs(mammal Troph)

A

produce a hormone called lactin, that stimulates the mammary gland and the development of milk secretion and production

49
Q

releasing factor pathway

A

Neuro gasgular control mechanis, hypothalamus, media eminence, hypophysial portal vein, and into the capillary beds

50
Q

there are four stimulating releasing factors

A

GHRH, TRH,GNRH, CRH

51
Q

GHRH Growth hormone releasing Hormone

A

promotes the release of growth hormone release by the Somatotrophs causes the release of Gonadothropic hormones FSH and LH

52
Q

TRH thyroid releasing hormone

A

affects the thyroid trophs to release TSH

53
Q

GNRH gonado tropic releasing homones

A

stimulate FSH, LH releasing cells

54
Q

CRH cortical releasing Hormone

A

stimulate the cortico trophs to release ACTH

55
Q

Inhibitor releasing factor

A

growth hormone cells, prolatin cell

56
Q

growth hormone cells

A

release somato stain that inhibit the release and synthesis of growth hormone

57
Q

prolactin cell

A

inhibited by dopamine

58
Q

GRH, prolactin,MSH affects

A

only the somatic tissue of the body

59
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH affect

A

specific endocrine glands

60
Q

the pathway of hypothalamus to pituitary to releasing the hormone are controlled by

A

negative feed back

61
Q

long loop feedback

A

if there is too much of the hormone, the hypothalamus cuts the stimulation of the pituitary gland which then stop the release of the different somatic tissue hormone

62
Q

the short loop feedback

A

when the hormone directly affects he pituitary gland itself

Adv Physio (21 decks)

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