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Adv Physio > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

The eye is compose of how many tunics

A

Fibrous,vascular ,and nervous tunics

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2
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

The outer most layer of the eyes consisting of sclera and cornea

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3
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Underneath the fibrous tunic, rich in supply of blood very vasculrized and some pigment (choroid)

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4
Q

Nervous tunic

A

The inner layer of the eyes underneath the vascular tunic, the retina lies here with it photoreceptors cells rods and cones

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5
Q

The cavities of the eye

A

There are two eye cavities, posterior cavity and anterior cavity

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6
Q

The anterior cavity has two chamber.

A

Anterior chamber and posterior chamber

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7
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Located in front of the iris and its filled with aqueous humor

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8
Q

Posterior chamber

A

This is behind the iris

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9
Q

Accommodation

A

The process of focusing light to the retina

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10
Q

Explain the process of accommodation

A

Suspensory ligament is attached to the ciliary muscle, the ciliary muscle

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11
Q

Presbyopia

A

The thicken of the eye lens, causing the weaken of the suspensory ligament attached to the lens

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12
Q

Relaxation of the muscle make the lens ……. and contracting makes the lens …….

A

Thicker and thinner

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13
Q

The ciliary muscle is controlled by the

A

Cranial nerve 3 ocular motor nerve

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14
Q

The three layer of the retina are

A

Photoreceptors cells(rods and cones), bipolar cells, ganglion cells

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15
Q

Describe the direction of the signal sent when light hits the eyes

A

Light hits the photoreceptor cells and send the signal in one direction to the brain and the signal reacting to the stimulus travels in the opposite direction

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16
Q

The image of the outside world is perceived as upside down but the brain

A

Flips the image receive form the outside world

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17
Q

What is the function of the iris

A

The iris controls the amount of light that goes through by relaxing and contracting

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18
Q

Posterior cavity

A

Filled with vitreous liquid which is very gel like located located behind the lens

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19
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Attaches lens to ciliary muscle. It has a thing layer around it can make the eye lens thinner or thicker

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20
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Pulls on the suspension ligament to focus light into the retina by changing the thickness of the lens

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21
Q

Crystalline lens

A

The lens, it is a transparent structure along with the cornea helps with refracting light to be be focused in the retina

22
Q

Cranial nerve 3 ( ocular motor nerve) controls the

A

Ciliary muscles

23
Q

The retina is part of what tunic

A

Nervous tunic

24
Q

Photo transduction occurs in what tunic

A

In the nervous tunic in the retina

25
Q

Horizontal cells and amacrince cells

A

Are specialized interneurons that ends up in the ganglion cells

26
Q

Photo transduction converting light waves to nerve signals occurs at the

A

Ganglion cells

27
Q

The transmition of the nerve signal away from the retina is after the ganglion cell by the

A

Optic nerve ( cranial nerve 2)

28
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Found in the outer most part of the rods and there are two parts scotopsin and retinal

29
Q

Photoisomerization

A

When light changes the configuration of cis-retinal to trans-retinal

30
Q

Rhodopsin form is

A

Csi retinal and scotopsin

31
Q

Retinal isomerase

A

Converts trans retinal into cis retinal when there is no light

32
Q

Describe what happens at the outer segment of the rod cell

A

At the surface of the rod cells there are Na channels opened by cyclic GMP, Na goes into the cell making it more positive. After light hits then cyclic GMP is converted to GMP thus closing the Na channels making it more negative leading to hyper polarization

33
Q

Describe the closing of Na channels

A

After light hits rhodopsin activates the G protein transducin, producing GTP, GTP activates phosphodiesterase. It then convert cyclic GMP to GMP thus closing the sodium channel

34
Q

Cones uses what opsin

A

Photopsin

35
Q

Tri color vision

A

It is based on the fact we see color base on the absorption of three color receptors blue red and green. And the color we see is due to the percentage of the different color cones

36
Q

We see white light because

A

All the color cones are activated

37
Q

Color blindness is caused by

A

The absence of different color cone, it is a x linked recessive gene that is generally found males

38
Q

The neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptors at the base of the retinal is

A

Glutamate

39
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Transmit signal horizontally and participates in lateral inhibition. The end result is usually inhibitory.. Have graded potential or electronic potential

40
Q

Bipolar cells

A

There two types the on cells and off cells, the on cells hyper polarize glutamate is inhibitory and the off cells depolarize where glutamate is excitort…it has very short graded potentials

41
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Carries signal to the optic nerv, has action potential not graded potential, they are self propagating, and there are three types x, y,and w

42
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Found between bipolar cell, can transmit vertically and horizontally, can interact with bipolar and ganglion cells.

43
Q

The neurotransmitter released by amacrine are cells are

A

GABA, glycine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and endolamine

44
Q

In the ganglion cells, the frequency of action potential increase significantly

A

When there is light stimulus

45
Q

W ganglion cells

A

Linked to rods activates in dim light. It is the least population of the gang lions..diameter is smaller thus does not conduct rapidly

46
Q

X ganglion

A

Most of ganglion are x, larger diameter, and it is involved with refine structure of light ,associated with cones

47
Q

Y ganglion

A

Second large rest , involves determination of rapid change in the visual field

48
Q

Retinal ganglion cells has two functions

A

Participating in the visual function of the eye

Deploys SCN in the hypothalamus

49
Q

SNC

A

Biological clock controlled in the hypothalamus region of the brain. Which controls the light dark period involving the pigment melonopsin

50
Q

Optic chiasma

A

The cross over effect to the ociptal lobe

Adv Physio (21 decks)

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