lecuture 9

Question 0

the somatotropin effects on the metabolism

Answer 0

increases rate of muscle mass and protein synthesis in the muscle
promotes fats to break down in adipocytes(mobilize fatty acids)
promotes storage of carbohydrate(decrease utilization of glucose)

Question 1

somatotropin

Answer 1

is produced by pituitary gland, can make cell grow and promotes mitosis, promotes differentiation of different cells, have metabolic effects

Question 2

somatotropin effect on bone

Answer 2

promotes elongation of bone

endochondial bone formation( specific to long bone )

Question 3

Endochondial Bone Formation

Answer 3

when the bone is done growing the cartilage( epiphyseal plate) will die and bone tissue will replace the cartilage cell by the periosterum at puberty

Question 4

Three type of bone growth

Answer 4

interstitial growth
appositional growth
acromegaly

Question 5

Interstitial growth

Answer 5

bone grow length wise due to the present of epiphyseal plate. This growth stops after cartilage is replaced by bone tissue usually by puberty.

Question 6

Apposition growth

Answer 6

growth of bone width wise making the bone thicker and bigger, appositional growth occurs after the epiphyseal plate closes usually after puberty

Question 7

Acromegaly

Answer 7

A disease that causes appositional growth of bone. the anterior pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone after the closure of epiphyseal plate

Question 8

Insulin-like growth factor ( IGF)

Answer 8

somato medins

Question 9

Somatomedins

Answer 9

group of special protein synthesis. there are four kinds

type c is called IGF-I

Question 10

Type-c IGF-I

Answer 10

essential for normal growth of individual
without IGF-I growth would be abnormal
IGF-I can increase muscle mass if injected directly into the skeleton
It promotes diffusion of satellite cels in the muscle fiber
it can not be detected by the blood.

Question 11

growth hormones are usually secreted

Answer 11

usually peaks during sleep or at night, environmental factors can affect the amount of hormones being release

Question 12

less growth hormones will be secreted as

Answer 12

as we age

Question 13

Gherlin effects

Answer 13

hormone cycle

Question 14

the hypothalamus regulate the amount of growth hormone by

Answer 14

GHRH which will bind to a receptor on the surface of the cell, thus promoting the cell to release more cAMP

Question 15

The release of cAMP induce by the GHRH has two effects

Answer 15

Short term effects– release of growth hormones by somato tropins vesicles
Long Term Effects– can activate genes by activating transcription factors

Question 16

panhypopituitarism

Answer 16

complication with adenohypophyseal cells, usually caused by tumor in the pituitary gland and will destroy cells around it or by clots formed in the brain

Question 17

panhypopituitarism can cause

Answer 17

hypothyroid,obesity, sexual dysfuction, obtain lots of fluid caused by disruption in osmoregulation, and depression
dwarfism
Acromegaly
gigantism

Question 18

dwarfism caused by Panhypopituitarism

Answer 18

this occurs when the individual develop this problem before they have a chance to fully develop Gonado trophs in the pituitary gland

Question 19

Acromegaly

Answer 19

thickening of the bone( appositional growth bone)
Occurs after puberty
abnormal secretion of growth hormone in adult (post puberty)
individual will experience thickening of the hand, face, skull, jaws, etc

Question 20

Gigantism

Answer 20

if it occurs before puberty when epiphyseal plate are still there

Question 21

nuclei of hypothalamus

Answer 21

Supraoptic nucleus(SON) 
Para Ventricular Nucleus (PVN)

Question 22

SON

Answer 22

release ADH into the pituitary gland. it release oxytocin as well, however only in a minimal amount

Question 23

PVN

Answer 23

releases oxytocin into the pituitary, it will also release minimal amount of ADH

Question 24

both ADH and Oxytocin are

Answer 24

peptide

Question 25

pituicytes

Answer 25

supports the fibers that brings the ADH and Oxytocin to the pituitary

Question 26

Neurophysins I and II

Answer 26

are peptide that links up tp oxytocin and ADH to keep them inactive in the fibers

Question 27

ADH

Answer 27

anti diuretic hormone, secreted by the SON, blocks the excretion of water in kidneys, specifically in the tubule nepherons of the kidney, stimulate the insertion of aquaporins to the membrane of the tubule cells in the tubule in the kidney

Question 28

Discondeluted tubules and collecting duct are the tubules affected by

Answer 28

ADH

Question 29

alcohol inhibits the release of ADH therefore the body cannot

Answer 29

retain water thus dehydration….. ADH also control blood pressure and osmolarity.

Question 30

in high production of ADH, ADH will also promote

Answer 30

blood vessel constriction

Question 31

Osmolarity cell

Answer 31

in hypertonic situation cells will fire because it shrinks a little bit, when the cell shrinks the neuron fires causing the SON to release ADH. In a hypotonic solution it does not fire at all

Question 32

Oxytocin

Answer 32

secreted by the PVN
It causes contraction of the uterus durning child birth(hormone of partiurtion)
plays a role in milk let down ( it stimulate the myoepithelial) cell to constrict)

Question 33

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 33

caused by a deficiency of ADH, excessively urination is very diluted, can cause dehydration, treatment is an ADH agonist drug

Question 34

Dephogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 34

caused by disruption in ADH

Question 35

Diabetes mellitis

Answer 35

excessively urination, glucose concentration is high. high glucose, concentration causes kidney to pull more water out so that it can dissolve glucose. caused by low insulin level