Lecture 12

Question 0

complication with diabetes causes

Answer 0

the inability to utilized fats due to the low insulin in their system

Question 1

insulin is known as the hormone of Glutton

Answer 1

insulin surges quickly when a person is eating even a small meal will promote a significant production/ release of insulin

Question 2

insulin is a protein that

Answer 2

stimulate the uptake of glucose and store it as glycogen.

Question 3

insulin as an effect on glycogenesis, what is glycogenesis

Answer 3

glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis

Question 4

if there is too much glucose insulin promotes

Answer 4

the conversion of glucose to fats in adiposites

Question 5

insulin can increase the up amino acid that

Answer 5

promotes the synthesis in specific cells

Question 6

insulin is produced by

Answer 6

the B cells found in the islets of langerhann

Question 7

——- are converted to smaller protein

Answer 7

Preprohormones(proinsulin)

Question 8

Preprohormones (proinsulin)

Answer 8

has three chains A, B, and C, A and B are linked by disulfide linkage and are biologically active, these are the insulin made by the pancreas, it is short lived, and it is broken down by the kidneys and liver. The C chain is removed at the Golgi network

Question 9

The insulin receptor is located

Answer 9

on the outside of the cell membrane

Question 11

IRS

Answer 11

insulin receptor substrate

Question 12

IRS promotes

Answer 12

the recruitment of glucose transporters

Question 13

Glucose transporter ( gluts)

Answer 13

there are 7 different transporters. they are located in vesicles and theses vesicles fuse to the membrane to bring the the glut to te surface of the membrane

Question 14

the gluts allow glucose to go into the cell via

Answer 14

facilitated diffusion

Question 15

without GLUTS

Answer 15

the cell membrane would be impermeable to glucose, therefore glucose cannot go into the cell

Question 16

all cells in the body uses Gluts except

Answer 16

Neurons, glucose can diffuse through the neurons because it is the sole source of energy for neurons

Question 17

in the muscle glucose is stored as

Answer 17

glycogen

Question 18

During fasting

Answer 18

because there is no insulin the sarcolemma of the muscle cell does not have gluts to take up glucose in the blood

Question 19

liver promotes polymerization of glucose

Answer 19

through glucogenesis

Question 20

hepatocytes are

Answer 20

liver cells

Question 21

hepatocytes take up glucose and promote

Answer 21

glycogenesis ( polymerization of glucose to glycogen )

Question 22

Glucose kinase

Answer 22

traps the glucose in hepatocytes by phosphorylation

Question 23

glycogen synthase

Answer 23

it polymerize the phosphorylated glucose to glycogen, this is activated by insulin

Question 24

liver phosphorylase

Answer 24

participates in glycolysis to break down glycogen into glucose…insulin turn this off

Question 25

when the liver is saturated, excess glucose

Answer 25

is turned to fatty acid in the liver , then bounded to protein made by hepatocyte, then transferred and stored in the adipocytes

Question 26

hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 26

embedded in the adipocyte membrane this enzme breaks down fatty acid…. this is also inhibited by insulin, because the body does not want to break down fats and store it at the same time

Question 27

glycerol is produced

Answer 27

in the adipocytes and insulin promotes its production

Question 37

when the insulin binds to the receptor

Answer 37

the receptor becomes an active enzyme( tryosine kinase). the insulin receptor comes in pairs and they phosoporylate each other in a form of autophoshorylation. and phosphorylate IRS I II III

Question 38

hypoglycemic shock

Answer 38

due to low level of glucose neurons are very susceptible to this can lead to neurological problems, cause seizure, fainting and in extreme cases come.

Question 39

insulin effects on protein

Answer 39

promotes for the uptake of amino acid and conversion to protein

Question 40

when glucose level in our blood increase

Answer 40

Gluts allows for the entry of glucose into the cell, the increase in glucose cell allows for the making of atp which affect the K channel by closing them leading to depolarization, causing a voltage gating effect allowing for Ca to enter the cell . ca will promote protein trafficking to lead the vesicle with insulin to be exocytosed

Question 41

Diabetes Melitis

Answer 41

type i juvenile diabetes,occurs in early life,usually manifest in teen years, must be in replacement therapy for insulin for life, must be inject directly into the blood if consumed it will be denatured

Question 42

insulitis

Answer 42

this is a type of type 1 diabetes,this is an autoimmune disease where the antigen attacks the B cells, the body can make antibodies that can can cause the disease. if the individual had all three antibodies they will most likely get this disease

Question 43

the antibodies of insulitis

Answer 43

anti insulin, anti GAD( anti glutamic acid carboxylase), and anti IA antigen- attacks beta cells directly.

Question 44

Diabetes type II

Answer 44

usually caused by defect in glucose transporter, linked to linked to obesity, studies have shown that when an individual exercise and lose the weight the illness goes away. can occur any time throughout ones life , the symptoms are similar to type I

Question 45

Resistin

Answer 45

hormone produced by the fats and endocrine cell which is an antagonist to insulin, it blocks insulin recptor

Question 46

symptoms of diabetes

Answer 46

excessive thirst and urination, retinoapathy, cardiopathy, nephropathy, and nervopathy( loss of nerve function)

Question 47

excessive urination is caused by

Answer 47

glucose accumulates and disrupts the osmotic pressure, glucose is a solute and must be dissolved in water . water that is usually absorbed back is used to dissolve glucose. glucose in this case is a solute diuretic

Question 48

glucogon

Answer 48

hormone of fasting, primary stimulator is low levels of glucose, aka hypoglycemic hormone, breaks down glucose , promote glucogenolysis, promotes gluconeogenesis , affects glycogon receptor with cAMP as a second messenger, glycogon levelare high when there is low level of glucose

Question 49

calcium level is steady and essential it is an important electroyle that maintain functions

Answer 49

secondary messenger, transduction mechanism, bone structure, muscle contraction,calcium dependent exocytosis , endocytosis, and calcium dependent blood clotting

Question 50

majority of Ca is stored in the

Answer 50

bone matrix small amount in the ECF and calicstome

Question 51

calcium is stored in three way

Answer 51

in a complex with transport protein( this can not be utilized)
in form of a salt
bound with phosphate citrate

Question 52

absorption of ca is dependent

Answer 52

on vitamin D and PTH( para thyroid hormone )

Question 53

phosphate is stored in two forms

Answer 53

bisphosphate and dihydrophosphate

Question 54

phosphate and calcium

Answer 54

usually work together and the used phospate and calcium are excreted though the kindneys