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P4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a wave

A
  • oscilliation/vibration
  • transfers energy from one place to another
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2
Q

What is a transverse wave

A

Where the oscilliation is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

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3
Q

What is wave motion

A

the transfer of energy from one point to another

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4
Q

What does Wavespeed mean

A

the total distance covered by the wave in a given amount of time.

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5
Q

What does frequency mean

A

how many complete waves go past a certain point in one second

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6
Q

What does wavelength mean

A

Distance between two successive peaks or troughs (highest or bottom) of a wave

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7
Q

What does amplitude mean

A

The distance from the equilibrium to the peak or trough.

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8
Q

Formula for wave speed

A

wave length multiplied by the frequency makes the wave speed

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9
Q

Formula for frequency

A

Wave speed divided by wave length makes the frequency

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10
Q

Formula for wave length

A

Wave speed divided by frequency makes the wave length

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11
Q

Units for frequency

A

is Hz

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12
Q

What is a longitudal wave

A

The oscialliation/vibration is parallel to the energy transder

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13
Q

Examples of a longitudal wave

A

Sound

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14
Q

What is a compressioin and where do you find it

A

Where particles are closest together in a longitudal wave

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15
Q

Examples of a transverse wave

A

Light, water vaes, string vibrations

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16
Q

What is a rarefraction and where do you find it

A

Where particles are most spread out in a longitudal wave

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17
Q

What is another way to find frequency other than using the wave formula

A

Using the inverse of time taken (1/t)

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18
Q

What is another way to find speed other than using the wave formula

A

Distance over time

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19
Q

Units of wave speed

A

m/s

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20
Q

Units of frequency

A

Hz

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21
Q

How do we see light

A

when light reflects of the object and into our eyes

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22
Q

Units of wavelength

A

m

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23
Q

What is the law of reflection

A

the angle of incidence and angle of reflection are the same

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24
Q

Common errors in light based experiments

A

varying intensity of lights, human error, and others.

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25
Q

How is a image formed in a plane mirror

A

Light rays: Light rays from an object travel towards the mirror.
Incidence: The light rays hit the mirror at a specific angle, called the angle of incidence.
Reflection: The mirror reflects the light rays, and they bounce back at the same angle as the angle of incidence
Virtual image: The reflected light rays appear to come from a point behind the mirror, creating a virtual image.
The virtual image is formed at a distance equal to the distance between the object and the mirror.

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26
Q

Properties of optical image in plane mirror

A

Virtual, samze size and distance from the real object, and laterally inverted.

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27
Q

What is refraction

A

a change in direction of light due to the slowing down of the speed of the ray as it passes from one medium to another.

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28
Q

When does light bend towards the normal

A

when it enters a denser medium that it was previous travelling through as it slows down.

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29
Q

When does light bend away from the normal

A

when it enters less denser medium thn it was previously traveling through causing it speed up.

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30
Q

Method to find refractive index of object using angle of incidence and refraction

A

sin(angle of incidence)/sin(angle of refraction)

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31
Q

Method to find refractive index without using angle of incidence and refraction

A

Speed of light in a vaccum divided by speed of light in the medium

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32
Q

What is the speed of light

A

3*10^8

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33
Q

What happens when angle of incidence is less than critical angle

A

It will speed up and bend away from the normal

34
Q

What happens when angle of incidence is equal to the critical

A

It will not internally reflect but come out at perpindicular to the normal

35
Q

What happens when angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle

A

Total Internal Reflection meaning it reflects off that boundary

36
Q

Why is it impossible for total internal refelction to occur when travelling through a denser material

A

the angle of refraction is always lesser than the angle of incidence

37
Q

What does critical angle mean

A

The angle which the maximum refraction (90 degrees) occurs. The ray travelling along the boundary

38
Q

How does optical fibres work

A

total internal reflection,they rely on all angle of incidences being larger than the critical angle so the light doesn’t come out the side

39
Q

Uses of fibre optics

A

Communications, medecine such as endoscopes, and the internet

40
Q

What does a thin converging lens act on a beam of light

A

It will make all parralell rays of the line refract and come together at a certain point called the principal focus.

41
Q

What is the principal focus

A

the point where all incident rays meet after refraction

42
Q

What is a focal length

A

the distance between the centre of lens and principal focus

43
Q

What is a converging lens also called

A

a convex lens

44
Q

What is the result of using a thin or thick converging lens

A

a thicker lens will have a shorter focal length as they refract the parralell rays more

45
Q

What happens when a ray passes a converging lens not through the ceneter of the lens but parralel to the principal axis

A

it is refracted so it passes through the principal focus

46
Q

What image is created when the object is placed within the focal length

A

it produces a magnified image that is virtual, same side of the object, and upright

47
Q

What is a real image

A

something that can be projected on a screen

48
Q

what is a virtual image

A

something that can’t be cast on a screen

49
Q

What is the speed of light

A

3*10^8

50
Q

how does our eyes recieve light waves

A

in the retina the light energy is converted to electrical energy. Different wavelengths are converted to different colors. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest

51
Q

3 properties of electromagnetic waves

A

don’t require a medium to travel

All transfer energy via vibrations of electric and magnetic fields.

all travel at the speed of life roughly

52
Q

Order of electromagnetic waves from shortest to longest wavelength

A

Gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, radio

53
Q

Properties and uses of radio waves

A

Properties:
Long wavelength
Low frequency

Uses:
radio, television, communications

54
Q

Properties and uses of microwaves

A

Properties
High frequency
Penetrate and heat materials

Uses
Cooking and heating food
satellite television and telephones (

55
Q

Properties uses and dangers of infrared rays

A

Properties
Heat transfer

Uses
electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms

Dangers
Heat damage and burns

56
Q

Properties uses and dangers of visible light

A

Properites:
Visible to the human eye

Dangers:
UV radiation exposure

57
Q

Properties, uses, and dangers of ultraviolet light

A

Properties
High frequency
Low wavelength

Uses
Disinfection and sterilization
Water purification

Dangers
Skin cancer and premature aging

58
Q

Properties, uses, and dangers of x-rays

A

Properities
penetrates solid objects

uses
Medical imaging (diagnosis, cancer treatment)
Security screening (airport scanners)

Dangers
Cancer risk and genetic damage
Radiation burns and tissue damage

59
Q

Properties, uses, and dangers of gamma rays

A

Properties
Highest energy and penetration

Uses
Cancer treatment

Dangers
High-energy radiation exposure
Cancer risk and genetic damage

60
Q

What is sound

A

a longtidual wave caused by vibrations

61
Q

What is a rarefraction

A

the part of a longitudal wave where particles are the most spread

62
Q

what is a compression

A

part of a longitudal wave where particles are closest together

63
Q

What is the normal hearing range of humans

A

20 Hz to 20kHz

64
Q

What do we call sound too low to hear

A

infrared sound

65
Q

What do we call sound too high to hear

A

ultrasound

66
Q

What is a experiment to find the speed of sound in air

A

2 speakers at a distance known. Have a noise made and a timer that starts. Once the noise is reached by second speaker stop timer and divide the distance known and the time taken for sound to cross to the other speaker

67
Q

What is required for sound to move

A

A medium

68
Q

How fast does sound move in each state of matter

A

Solid>Liquid>Gas

69
Q

Why does sound move fastest in solids

A

In a solid the molecules/atoms are very close together, in fixed positions and can pass on the vibrations very easily to their neighbour.

70
Q

What is a echo

A

when sound hits a reflecting surface and bounces back from it.

71
Q

What do sound waves look like in. a oscollioscope

A

a transerverse wave. A low sound will have a low frequency and a high sound will have a higher frequency. A loud sound will have a high amplitude and vice verca

72
Q

What is the speed of sound in air

A

330m

73
Q

What is a wavefront

A

a line joining neighbouring points which are in phase

74
Q

What can cause a circular wave front

A

a dipper in a water

75
Q

what can cause a plane wave front

A

a vibrating bar in water

76
Q

How does a wave travel have anything to do with wave fronts

A

always 90 degrees to the wave front

77
Q

Doeswater travel faster in higher or low desnity

A

low density or shallow

78
Q

What happens to waves when entering shallow water from deeper water

A

it’s wavelengtha and speed decrease while their frequency stays the same

79
Q

What is diffraction

A

the spreading out of waves round obstacles and through gaps

80
Q

How does gap size affect diffraction

A

The smaller the gap is in comparison of the wave fronts the more spread and sector it looks. Or themore wavelength is closer to the gap the less affected it is by diffraction

Science (22 decks)

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