C4 Flashcards
What is an acid
- pH < 7
- turn blue litmus paper red
- reacts with bases and some metals to make salts
- breaks into hydrogen ions when placed in soltuions
What is an base
a substance with pH greater than 7, it turns red litmus paper blue. It reacts with acids to form salts
What is an alkali
a base that is soluble meaning dissolving in water.
What do you call the reaction that forms a salt
A neutralisation, occuring from an acid and base
What is a hydroxides chemical formula
OH^-
What is a carbonates chemical formual
CO3^2-
What are two ways to test for presence of water
Using copper (II) sulphate, burn it until it turns white, then add the liquid if it goes back to blue there’s water presence.
Using cobalt (II) chloride usually it’s blue if after adding the substance it turns pink there’s water presence.
What are two ways water supply is treated
Chlorination and filtration.
In chlorination, chlorine is added to water which kills bacteria and reduces waater borne diseases.
In filtration it passes through a filtration system that may contain activated carbon, sand, and gravel to remove large particles and purities.
What affect does acids have on litmus paper
It turns litmus paper red
What are products of an acid and a metal
A salt and hydrogen
What are products of an acid and a base
A salt and water
What are products of an acid and a carbonate?
A salt, carbon dioxide, and water
What are the effects of base and litmus paper
It turns litmus paper blue.
Base and acid reaction
This makes salt and water
Base and ammonium salts reaction
Ammonia gas, water, and salt
How does pH scale measure
Measures the amount of hydrogen ions in solution if there’s lots low pH
What is neutralization
Reaction between an acid and a base usually exothermic.
How acids and bases act in aqueuous solutions
Acids donate protons in solutions, bases accept protons in solutions. The transfer of protons being neutralisation
What happens to soil if it’s too alkaline or acidic
It can’t grow crops
What is carbon dioxide a byproduct of
An acid and a crabonate
How to prepare, separate, and then purify soluble salts that have a insoluble base
1) Add acid into beaker than put into a larger beaker of hot water
2) Add insoluble base slowly until reaction is over.
3) Set up filter funnel and filter paper to remove insoluble ppt. Pour solution into conical flask
4) Grab a bunsen burner and heat it till boil adding anti bumping granules. Maintain a simmer
5) Pour solution into petri dish then rest a broken splint so broken end dips into the solution you will find crystals forming from the splint.
what are the solubility rules
- Group 1 always soluble
- ammonium always soluble
- nitrates generally soluble
- halides (minus F) generaly solube (minus Ag, Pb, Hg)
- Sulphate mostly soluble unless with group 2 elements and Pb
- most hydroxides slightly soluble (like w grp 1)
- carbonates frequently insoluble
How to prepare, separate, and then purify soluble salts that have a soluble base
You must use titrations
1) Fill burrette acid, alkali in conical flask under burrette
2) Add pH indicator to alkali, show neutralisation
3) Add acid gradually until neutralisation occurs. repeat 3x find average, then wo indicator
4) Pour neutral solution into evaporating basin to evaporate around half of the water to concentrate
5) Pour concentrated solution to cool and crystalize
How to prepare, separate, and then purify insoluble salts
1) Mix 2 soluble salt solutions
2) The produce being a insoluble salt will appear as a ppt.
3) You know the ppt. by solubility rules.
How to test for oxygen
Light a splint on fire blow it out then stick it into the tube, if it bursts into flames or glows brighter there’s oxygen presence
How to test for hydrogen
Insert a lit splint, if there’s a popping sound there’s hydrogen presence
How to test for carbon dioxide
Bubble the gas through lime water, if it turnes milky there’s carbon dioxide presence
How to test for ammonia
put a damp red litmus paper above if it turns blue there’s ammonia
How to test for chlorine
Put a damp litmus paper and it will turn white if there’s chlorine as it bleaches the paper.
How to identify lithium
Place it above a bunsen burner heat it strongly and there will be a red flame color
How to identify sodium
Place it above a bunsen burner heat it strongly and there will be a yellow flame
How to identify potassium
Place it above a bunsen burner heat it strongly and there will be a lilac flame
How to identify copper (II)
Place it above a bunsen burner heat it strongly and there will be a turqoise flame.
How to test for zinc
Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide, where it will have a soluble white ppt. In excess the ppt. will dissolve, leading to a colorless solution. In ammonia zinc has a soluble white ppt. In excess amonnium the ppt. dissolves again leaving a colorless solution
How to test for copper (II)
In sodium hydroxide insoluble blue precipitate form and same in excess. In ammonium Pale insoluble blue precipitate forms, and in excess Precipitate dissolves forming a deep blue solution
How to test for calcium (II)
Sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide added will make a insoluble white ppt
How to test for iron (III)
In sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide added will make a rusty red insoluble ppt.
How to test for iron (II)
In sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide added will make a dirty green insoluble ppt.
How to test for ammonium
- add NaOH
- warm gently in water bath
- damp litmus paper (red–> blue)
How to test for a carbonate
Add hydrochloric acid to the solution and then bubble the gas produced through lime water if it turns milky positive test result.
How to test for a sulphate
Add hydrochloric acid and then barium chloride solution if there’s a white ppt. positive test result
How to test for chloride
Add nitric acid then silver nitrate solution, white ppt that turns purple in sunlight is a positive test result
How to test for bromide
Add nitric acid then silver nitrate solution creamy ppt positive test result
How to test for iodide
Add nitric acid then silver nitrate solution yellow ppt positive test result
How to test for ammonium
Add sodium hydroxide to solution then warm with a water bath, and then hold moist red litmus paper that should turn blue.
How to test for nitrate
- reduce by Al under hot alkaline conditions (OH- & Al)
- ammonia produced, test for it
