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B2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s an autotroph

A

an organism that makes it own food from inorganic substances

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2
Q

What’s an heterotroph

A

an organism that cannot make its own food and eats food and energy by taking in organic substances.

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3
Q

What troph is a plant

A

an autrotroph it makes its own food from inorganic substances

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4
Q

What process is required for all organisms to stay alive

A

nutrition the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life

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5
Q

What is nutrition

A

the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life

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6
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

the process of converting energy from light into carbohydrates for nutrition for plants

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7
Q

Adaptations for photosynthesis by plants

A

thin leaf blades and large surface area. Thin leaf blades can maximise the penetration of light so more chloroplasts can be exposed to light energy. Large surface area maximises amount of light absorption.

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8
Q

Leaf section diagram from top to bottom

A

There’s the waxy cuticle, upper eperdermis, then the palisade mesophyls, the spongy mesophyl layer, inside the spongy mesophyl layer there’s the vasucular bundle containing the xylem and phloem, and under the spongy mesophyl layer is the lower eperdermis which has the stomata and guard cells.

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9
Q

How does the upper eperdermis adapt leaves for photosynthesis

A

Thin cuticle: Reduces light reflection and allows gas exchange
Compact cells: Minimizes space, allowing light to reach photosynthetic cells

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10
Q

How does the waxy cuticle adapt leaves for photosynthesis

A

It decreases water loss to maintain humidity of plant and transparent so light can reach photosynethetic cells

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11
Q

How does the palisade mesophyl adapt leaves for photosynthesis

A

Contains main chloroplasts for maximum light absorption and cells are tightly packed next to each other

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12
Q

How does the spongy mesophyl layer adapt leaves for photosynthesis

A

It has large air spaces that allows diffusions of gases into the photosynthetic leaves such as co2

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13
Q

How does vascular bundle adapt leaves for photosynthesis

A

it provides a xylem and phloem
Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to photosynthetic cells
Phloem: Transports sugars and organic compounds produced by photosynthesis

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14
Q

How does Lower eperdermis adapt leaves for photosynthesis

A

Stomata: Regulates CO2 entry for photosynthesis and water loss
Guard cells: Controls stomatal opening and closing

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15
Q

What does a stomata let in and out o fthe leaf

A

It lets in carbon dioxide and water vapour and oxygen produced out of the plant

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16
Q

What is a stomata

A

a opening in surfaces of plants which allow gases in or out of the plant.

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17
Q

What do guard cells do to stomata

A

it widens or reduces the opening and controls the gas exchagne

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18
Q

What is necessary for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide

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19
Q

What is used in respiration for plants

A

Oxygen

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20
Q

What part of the plant can photosynthesize

A

anything green as it contains a pigment chlorophyll that traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy

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21
Q

What are the raw materials of photosynthesis (required for photosynthesis to take place)

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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22
Q

How does water enter the leaf

A

osmosis through the soil

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23
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the plant

A

diffusion in the leaves

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24
Q

What is the prouduct of photosynthesis

A

glucose also oxygen which diffuses out of the stomata in to the atmosphere.

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25
Q

What is the energy source for photosynthesis to take place

A

light energy from the sun

26
Q

Word equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water –> Oxygen and glucore

27
Q

Balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO^2+H^2O —>C^6H^12O^6+6O^2

28
Q

What can glucose be turned into or used for

A

Starch as a energy store

Cellulose to build cell walls

Used in respiration to provide energy

Sucrose for transport in the phloem this way it doesn’t impact water concentration gradients

Nectar to attract insects for pollination thus reproduction

29
Q

How can you tell if a plant has been photosynthesizing?

A

test it for starch presence

30
Q

How to test for starch presence in a leaf

A

1)You must boil it to soften which breaks down the waxy cuticle

2) Ethanol is added to remove the color

3) Leaf is washed to remove the ethanol

4) Then starch test you put the leaf in iodine solution if there’s dark blue the leaves have been photosynthesizing

31
Q

What happens if there’s no light ot motr light

A

no photosynthesis no starch no glucose, faster photosynthesis

32
Q

What happens if a place is exposed to more carbon dioxide

A

it has more photosynthesis thus more glucose produced.

33
Q

What happens if a plant is placed at a higher temperature

A

it will increase the photosynthetic rate

34
Q

In what lighting is photosynthesis the fastest at

A

red and blue lighting

35
Q

IN what lighting is photosynthesis the slowest at

A

green lgihting

36
Q

What affect does light source have on photosynthesis

A

the further the light source is from the plant the slower the rate of photosynthesis

37
Q

What is hydrogencarbonate indicator

A

it is used to measure carbon dioxide levels in solutions it becomes more or yellow in higher levels of CO^2 and red to deep purple as lower levels of CO^2

38
Q

What minerals are required by plants

A

Nitrates, magnesium, phosphates, and potassium

39
Q

Why is nitrates required by plants

A

as they combine with glucose to make amino acids whcih make protiens. If there’s not enough nitrates, the growth of the plant will become stunted, a weak stem, and death

40
Q

Why is Magnesium required by plant

A

as they form parts of the chlorophyl molecule if it isn’t suffiecient plants will turn yellow and can’t photosynthesize effectively leading to poor growth

41
Q

Why is potassium required by plants

A

it must be present for photosynthesis and respiration without there’s would be sdiscolored leaves and poor flower blossoms

42
Q

Why is phosphate required by plants

A

it’s a component of DNA and cell membranes with out it there’s poor root growth and leaves aren’t green

43
Q

2 substances which need to move from the roots to the leaf

A

water and mineral ions

44
Q

How is water and mineral ions transported from the roots to the leaf

A

by the xylem

45
Q

What two substances are created in the leaf that need to be transported elsewhere

A

glucose and amino acids

46
Q

What is the path of mineral ions as they enter a leaf

A

they enter the root hair cell, then root cortex cell, xylem, up the root, and then transpires out of the leaf

47
Q

How to identify xylem and phloem

A

xylem is always thicker than phloem

48
Q

What adaption does root hair cells have

A

they have a large surface area of root hairs which increase their uptake of water and mineral ions

49
Q

What’s osmosis

A

the movement of water across a semi-permerable membrane from an area of low to high water potential

50
Q

How much of the water plants absorb are used in photosyntheis

A

10%

51
Q

What is transpiration

A

loss of water vapour from plants

52
Q

What functions does water have in cells

A

for turgor, photosynthesis, but 90% leaves via. stomata it evaporates in the air spaces of the spongy mesophyl exiting as a gas

53
Q

What factors affect transpirtation

A

Humidity increases transpiration dereases
Wind speed increases transpirtation incresases
Temperature increases transpiration increases
Light intensity increases transpirtation icnreases

54
Q

What does a potometer measure

A

upatake of water by a shoot of plant

54
Q

What theory is a potometer based on

A

a transpiration system in plants, as once the water transpires it’s replaced by the water uptake so it’s used to measure transpiration

54
Q

How to read a potometer

A

Zero the potometer
Ensure the bubble is at the starting point
Start a timer

Note the distance the bubble travels

Calculate transpiration rate
Use formula: Transpiration rate (mm/hr) = Distance traveled (mm) / Time (hr)

54
Q

What is wilting

A

when plants lose water from cells, this leads to plants becoming not upright

55
Q

Causes of wilting

A

reduction in water in plant leading to low turgor and vacuole shrinks leading to flaccid and soft plant cells

55
Q

In the dark can plants photosynthesize

A

no, bc. without light energy there’s no energy for a reaction whcih is photosynthesis to occur

56
Q

What is translocation

A

Movement of sucrose and amino acids in the phloem from a source to a sink where it’s produced and then where it’s utilized

57
Q

Examples of sources in plants

A

Leaves,

58
Q

Examples of sinks in plants

A

Growing shoots, leaves

Science (22 decks)

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