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B3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ecology

A

the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment.

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2
Q

What is a community

A

all the living things in a habitat

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3
Q

What is a population

A

all the living organisms of one species in a habitat

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4
Q

What is a habitat

A

place where an organism lives

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5
Q

What is a ecosystem

A

an interacting group of organisms and their environment.

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6
Q

What to food chains show

A

how living things get their food/energy

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7
Q

Why do food chains occasionally show the sun

A

this is bc. the sun is the principal source of energy input into all living organisms

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7
Q

What do the arrows in food chains must always point to

A

living thing that is taking in food or energy. Arrows show the direction of flow of energy.

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8
Q

What are food chains

A

charts that show the flow of energy from one organism to the next beginning with a producer of energy.

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9
Q

What are producers

A

They make their own organic nutrients, usually by photosynthesis, using energy from the Sun.

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10
Q

What are consumers

A

organisms that feed on other organisms for energy.

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11
Q

What can primary consumers also be called

A

Herbivores,
are animals that eat plants or parts of plants as all producers are a type of plant

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12
Q

What are secondary and tertiary consumers called

A

Carnivores or predators as they eat other animals the primary or secondary consumer.

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13
Q

What are herbivores

A

animals that get their energy from plants

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14
Q

What are carnivores

A

animals that get their energy from animals

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15
Q

What is a food web

A

food web as a network of interconnected food chains

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16
Q

Difference between food web and food chain

A

food web contains multiple food chains

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17
Q

What’s a decomposer

A

an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter.

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18
Q

Where is a decomposer usually in a food chain

A

It actually comes after the apex predator which is tertiary, once the apex predator dies it decomposes of it and gives it back to the soil for plants to grow back again

19
Q

What are different stages of food chains also called

A

trophic levels. For example producers make up the first trophic level, primary consumers make up the second trophic level

20
Q

What is a ecosystem

A

containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area, e.g. a lake,

21
Q

Why doesn’t all the energy from one trophic level get passed down

A

As energy is used for metabolic processes such as breathing, digestion, and the maintenance of body temperature. Energy is lost as heat during each transfer. It’s unlikely that they will eat all of the body. Some energy is lost as waste or dead organic matter.

22
Q

Why cant food chains go above the 4th trophic level

A

as Almost all the energy will be gone

23
Q

What is more efficient in energy a long food chain or short food chain

A

short food chain with only one or two links between the original producers and the final consumers is more efficient in terms of energy.

24
Q

Where do plants the producers get their plants from

A

The minerals that plants need from the soil are mostly released from the decayed remains of animals and plants and their waste. This is one example of natural recycling. There is only a limited amount (on Earth) of the elements that living things need and use.

25
Q

What is natural recycling

A

using things over again as earth has a limited amount of elements.

26
Q

What are the 4 most important elements to living things

A

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N). Important substances such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins also contain nitrogen.

27
Q

What is the carbon cycle

A

Photosynthesis:
CO2 + H2O + light energy → glucose (C6H12O6) + O2
Carbon absorbed by plants, converted into organic compounds

Respiration:
Glucose (C6H12O6) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy
Carbon released back into atmosphere as CO2

Feeding:
Herbivores eat plants, absorbing carbon
Carnivores eat herbivores, absorbing carbon

Decomposition:
Organic matter breaks down into CO2, releasing carbon
Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi facilitate decomposition

Fossilisation:
Plant and animal remains buried, converted into fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas)
Carbon stored for millions of years

Combustion:
Fossil fuels burned, releasing CO2 into atmosphere
Carbon returned to atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse effect

28
Q

Undesirable Effects of Deforestation

A

They can contain up to 90% the nutrients in a forest ecosystem. These nutrients are taken away from the ecosystem killing lots.

Soil erosion may occur without absence trees because wind and direct rain may remove the soil, and soil structure is no longer stabilised by tree root systems.

Habitat Destruction:
Extinction of species
Loss of biodiversity
Environmental Consequences:
Loss of soil quality and fertility
Increased flooding and erosion
Increased CO2 concentration in atmosphere
Disruption of water cycles and weather patterns

29
Q

Undesirable Effects of Deforestation on the Environment

A

Ecological Imbalance:
Disrupts food chains and webs
Affects nutrient cycling and decomposition

Climate Change:
Contributes to global warming and climate change
Increases greenhouse gas emissions

30
Q

effect of combustion of Fossil Fuels & Deforestation on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere

A

Combustion of fossil fuels will increase carbon dioxide as it’s a byproduct of it

Deforestation
releases stored CO2 into the atmosphere

Fossil fuel combustion reduces oxygen availability as it is used during combustion

Deforestation
Trees and plants produce O2 through photosynthesis
Deforestation reduces O2 production, decreasing atmospheric levels

31
Q

Why is fertilizer used

A

to increase food production as human population icnreases

32
Q

Side effects of using fertilizer

A
  • Fertiliser can be washed through the soil into rivers and streams — this is called leaching.
  • Once in the water it causes weeds and algae to grow.
  • These plants eventually die and rot on the river bed.
  • Decomposers like bacteria thrive with all the dead vegetation to eat.
  • They multiply rapidly and use up a lot of oxygen.
  • The river may become so low in oxygen that fish and freshwater invertebrates die.

Adding nutrients to the environment in this way is called eutrophication.

33
Q

Why is greenhouse effect technically a good thing

A

It keeps earth warm with water vapour and co2

34
Q

What is making green house effect such a bad

A

There’s too much carbon dioxide and methane in our atmosphere and will cause our world to warm rising sea levels due to melting land ice and the thermal expansion of seawater.

35
Q

Why has co2 been increasing in past decades

A

Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) which release CO2
Burning peat for fuel
Making concrete and cement from limestone
Deforestation of tropical rainforests

36
Q

4 common pollutants in air

A

Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Soot (carbon)
NOx (oxides of nitrogen)

37
Q

How is carbon monoxide in air

A

It can be sourced to the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (eg in car engines)

38
Q

What effect does carbon monoxide have on people and enviorment

A

a poisonous gas, deadly in high concentrations.

39
Q

What affect can overharvesting of food spieces lead to

A

overpopulation of another spieces or death or extinction

40
Q

Why is it better for humans to eat crop plants than to eat livestock that have been fed on plants

A

They will recieve more energy eating the crop plant, they would have to eat much more live stock to make up the amount they could have from a crop plant as it is a producer.

41
Q

What is biodiversity

A

number of different species that live in an area

42
Q

what are some reasons for habitat destruction

A

increasing area for housing, livestock, or plant production

extraction natural resources

freshwater and marine pollution

43
Q

Why can organisms become endangered or extinct

A

Bc. habitat desturction, hunted, overharvested, pollution of habitat, forign spieces introduced and climate change

44
Q

How can we save endangered species

A

seed banks, captive breeding programmes, monnitoring and protecting species and their habitats, and public education of them

45
Q

What is the nutrient cycle

A

a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment.

Science (21 decks)

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