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Science > P2 > Flashcards

P2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of liquids

A

Arrangement: Close but not in a regular repeating pattern

Motion: Slide past each other and move to a certain extent

Intermolecular forces: Weaker than solids

Incompressible

Fixed volume

Fixed shape flow

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1
Q

Properties of solids

A

Arrangement: Closely packed

Motion: Vibrate around a fixed position

Intermolecular forces: Strong between moecules

Incompressible

Fixed volume

Fixed shape no flow

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2
Q

Properties of gas

A

Arrangement: Randomly and far apart

Motion: Random and fast motion, colliding often

Intermolecular forces: Practically non existent

Compressible

Unfixed volume

Unfixed shape flowss

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3
Q

What is brownian motion

A

Large Particles suspended in fluids that move randomly

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4
Q

Why does brownian motion occur

A

they’re colliding with the existing fast moving particles in the fluid

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5
Q

what can be observed in experiments relating to brownian motion

A

Random movements of suspended particles in a fluid

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6
Q

What does brownian motion prove

A

The kinetic model of matter as it proves that particles are in constant motion

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7
Q

What does brownian motion prove other than the kinetic model of matter

A

That large particles can be moved by lighter faster moleculus

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8
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

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9
Q

How does molecular mass affect rate of diffusion

A

The lighter molecular mass the faster rate of diffusion. As they have a higher speed, leading to more collisions, which contribute to a faster rate of diffusion

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10
Q

How does temperature affect rate of diffusion

A
  • higher temp = faster diffusion
  • higher internal inergy for particles so move at faster speed
  • more collisions
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11
Q

What 2 marks need to be put on a thermometer to calibrate it put degrees on it before use

A

The lower fixed point (temp. of ice) which should be 0 degrees

The upper fixed point (temp. of steam) which should be 100 degrees.

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12
Q

What properties affect the sensitive of a theometer

A

A bigger bulb
A liquid with greater expansivity
A thinner capillary tube

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13
Q

What does linearity indicate for therometers

A

The change in temperature producing the same change in length

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14
Q

What does sensitivy indicate for therometers

A

The change in length per change in temperature

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15
Q

What does range mean in therometers

A

difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures that the thermometer can read.

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16
Q

What’s the structure of a thermocouple

A

2 metal wires made from different metals joined at one making the hot junction where what they measure is placed and then connected to one end of the measuring instrument cold junction

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17
Q

How does a thermocouple work

A

It relies on the fact the temp. difference between the interection of metal and measuring instrument creates a voltage which is equal to the temperature of that object

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18
Q

Why are thermocouples used

A

they’re highly responsive and can measure a very high range of temperatures

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19
Q

What’s thermal expansion

A
  • particles receive thermal and energy and vibrate vigorously
  • cause spacing between particles to increase, expanding the material
20
Q

What is thermal expansion caused by

A

Heat energy through heat that causes particles to vibrate more vigorously

21
Q

Examples of thermal expansion

A

Railroad tracks, therometers

22
Q

Order of magnitude of expansion in states of matter

A

Gas>Liquid>Solid

23
Q

Why is gas most sensitive to thermal expansion

A
  • most freedom of motion
  • intermolecular forces extremely weak
24
Q

What changes during changes of state

A

Arrangement, motion, and closeness

25
Q

What’s internal energy

A

The energy of particle motion and chemical bonds

26
Q

Ranking of internal energy between states

A

Gas>Liquid>Solid

27
Q

Do temperatures of substance change during changes of state

A

No despite energy being transferred they’re used to break bonds which dissipates the temperature.

28
Q

What do the flat parts of a changing state graph mean

A

melting, freezing, boiling, condesning, and others

29
Q

What is evaporation

A

the surface level change of state from liquid to gas

30
Q

What kind of particles are eligible for evaporation

A

fasting moving ones near the surface of a liquid

31
Q

What does evaporation lead to

A

the cooling of a liquid as it takes the fastest moving meaning hottest particles away.

32
Q

Differences between boiling and evaporation

A

boiling only occurs after a specific temperature is reached, evaporation occurs no matter the temperature

boiling is occuring throughout the liquid, evaporation only happens at the surface

33
Q

Factors that affect rate of evaporation

A

Airflow increase evaporation increase
Suface area increase rate of evaporation increase
Temperature increase rate of evaporation increases

34
Q

What is pressure exactly

A

Force per unit area caused by molecules hitting the sides of the containor

35
Q

Is pressure equal throughout a containor

A

yes as there’s a equal amount of molecules hitting all sides of the containor

36
Q

What do particles do when they rebound against sides of containors

A

they exert a force which keeps the shape against atmospheric pressure

36
Q

What factors affect pressure

A

temperature within containor as particles with higher speed will have more frequencies of colliosions against a containor

size of containor or volume lesser volume leads to a higher pressures as there’s less distance needed to be travelled to collide against the sides of the containor

37
Q

What relationship does pressure and volume have

A

a inverse relationship pressure increases as volume decreases

38
Q

What is conduction

A

the transfer of thermal energy by particles bumping against each other

39
Q

Why are metals the best at conduction compared to gases or liquids

A

as their arrangement is closely packed and they have delocalised electrons that help pass along the energy

40
Q

What are examples of good conductors

A

metals (copper, aluminium, e.t.c)

41
Q

What are examples of insulators

A

non-metals (wood and plastic)

42
Q

What is convection

A

the main method of energy transfer by fluids, as it requires flow of particles

43
Q

What is the convection current

A
  • particles heated, move faster, take up more space, decreasing density, float up
  • cools, thus sinking down
  • pushed by particle behind to recieve heat again
44
Q

What’s raidation

A

the transfer of heat by waves most commonly infrare waves

45
Q

Why can we feel the heat from the sun

A

radiation and radiation only bc. its only the method of heat transfer that doesn’t require a medium

46
Q

Properties of surfaces on radiation

A

Black surfaces; Absorb and emit radiation the best
They will gain and lose heat the fastest

White surfaces: reflect radation the most
It will not be easy for it to gain heat

Matte or dull surfaces: Increase absorption and decrease reflection
Easy to gain heat

Shiny surfaces: Increase reflection and decrease absorption.
Hard to gain heat

Science (21 decks)

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